Living Space

O objetivo principal desta tese é estudar a mobilidade espacial da população da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, ou seja, a mobilidade intrametropolitana, a partir da perspectiva dos espaços de vida, com o uso dos conceitos de mobilidade residencial e migração, abrindo uma nova perspectiva analítica sobre os movimentos populacionais no território metropolitano. A pergunta central da tese é: quais são os espaços de vida da população da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, considerando a mobilidade espacial da população. Com o objetivo de alcançar tal proposta, no primeiro capítulo, são estudados, em profundidade,  os quesitos de migração e mobilidade pendular presentes nos censos demográficos brasileiros desde 1872, avaliando suas potencialidades e suas limitações, dentro desta nova perspectiva analítica. Para reconhecer o território estudado e o poder de influência dos municípios, no segundo capítulo, a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo é desvendada em relação ao histórico dos desmembramentos municipais e as implicações nos processos de mobilidade espacial da população, bem como se processou a constituição demográfica da região ao longo do tempo. Para avançar no entendimento dos processos migratórios ao longo das últimas décadas na região, entre 1980-2010, faz-se um levantamento minucioso dos movimentos migratórios de e para a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, mas partindo-se dos grandes movimentos nacionais e passando pelos deslocamentos populacionais interestaduais e intraestaduais, além de analisar os movimentos intrametropolitanos. No capítulo final os espaços de vida são definidos, a partir da mobilidade pendular. De posse dos espaços de vida da população, por município, verifica-se como se processa a mobilidade espacial da população, considerando os espaços definidos da mobilidade residencial ou intrametropolitana e os espaços da migração. Desta forma é possível determinar o grau de influência dos espaços de vida sobre a mobilidade residencial.

In a functional sense, the centre of the living space is a gathering area for its users and for visitors. In most cases, the living area has at least one space towards which its users gravitate daily or occasionally. In situations where there are two or more centres in the living area, their position, size and connection determine the character of the functional organization, and they result from the social needs of the users. This paper analyzes characteristic examples of how dwellings are organized with several gathering centres, drawing out three basic concepts: a) living space with centres grouped in a social zone, b) living space with a flexible centre on the boundary between zones and c) living space with a secondary centre in a private area. On the other hand, attention is drawn to the existence of different boundaries of territoriality (boundaries of ownership, hospitality and intimacy), which determine the domains of social, private and intimate zones in housing. Depending on whether the gathering centres are located on one side, on the other, or along the border of territoriality, the degree of intimacy of the living space also changes.

Centar stambenog prostora u funkcionalnom smislu cini prostor za okupljanje posetioca i njegovih korisnika. U vecini slucajeva postoji bar jedan prostor prema kome oni svakodnevno ili povremno gravitiraju i lociran je u dnevnoj zoni. U situacijama kada je u strukturi stambenog prostora prisutno dva ili više centara, njihova pozicija, velicina i povezanost odreuju karakter funkcionalne organizacije i proisticu iz socijalnih potreba korisnika. U radu su analizirani karakteristicni primeri organizacije stambenih prostora, kod kojih se javlja više centara okupljanja, pri cemu su istaknute tri osnovne koncepcije: a) stambeni prostor sa centrima grupisanim u socijalnoj zoni, b) stambeni prostor sa fleksibilnim centrom na granici izmeu zona i v) stambeni prostor sa sekundarnim centrom u privatnoj zoni. Sa druge strane, skrenuta je pažnja na postojanje razlicitih granica teritorijalnosti (granice vlasništva, gostoprimstva i privatnosti), koje odreuju domene socijalne, privatne i intimne zone u stambenom prostoru. U zavisnosti od toga da li se centri okupljanja javljaju sa jedne, sa druge strane ili uz granicu teritorijalnosti, menja se i stepen intimnosti stambenog prostora.

Fiziksel, algısal, zihinsel yeti kayıplarının ortaya çıktığı bir dönem olarak yaşlılık, yaşam alanının sınırlandığı bir dönemdir. Bu dönemde gündelik yaşamın büyük bölümü konut odaklı hale gelmektedir. Bu durum hem yaşam memnuniyetinde hem de aktif ve kaliteli yaşlanmada yaşlı kullanıcıların konut ve yakın çevre özelliklerinin önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Yaşlılık sürecindeki fiziksel, psikolojik, sosyal ve ekonomik değişimler yaşlı kullanıcıların gereksinmelerini ve buna bağlı olarak fiziksel çevrelerinden beklentilerini değiştirmektedir. Bu bağlamda konutun iç mekânı ve bulunduğu çevrenin, yaşlı kullanıcıların fiziksel özelliklerine, değişen gereksinim ve isteklerine uygun şekilde düzenlenmiş olması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Yaşlılık döneminde, gün içinde konutta en çok vakit geçirilen mekânlardan biri olan yaşama mekânlarında da mekân örgütlenmesi ve donatı özellikleri yaşlı kullanıcıların gereksinim ve isteklerine uygun olmalıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yerinde yaşlanmada yaşlı bireylerin konutlardaki yaşama mekânlarının iç mekân düzenlemesine yönelik tasarım prensipleri ve donatı özelliklerini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda yaşlı kullanıcıların konutlarındaki yaşama mekânlarında şikâyetçi oldukları hususların, ihtiyaç ve beklentilerinin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında 65 yaş ve üzeri 70 kullanıcıyla görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada yaşlı kullanıcıların yaşama mekânlarında gerçekleştirdikleri eylemler, memnun ve şikâyetçi oldukları hususlar, konuta ilişkin ihtiyaç, istek ve beklentileri belirlenmiş ve iç mekân tasarımına yönelik tasarım/düzenleme önerileri sunulmuştur.

The Programa Especial de Realojamento (PER) offers the opportunity to the municipalities situated in Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas of succeeding in eliminating clandestine neighborhoods and providing to the reallocation of the residents in social houses. The decree contextualize the housing problem as “a still open plague in our social fabric”. The current process implementation, more than twenty year far from the original formulation, has produced complex adaptation, resistance and fighting dynamics. Through the analyses of an ethnographic case study, the author problematizes the implementation of this governative programme, focusing on the consequent systematic demolition of informal settlements in the Lisbon periphery under the aegis of the urban renewal doctrine. Through a dwelling perspective that incorporates the building processes as subordinate to the principal human faculty of producing and living space and spatiality, the author proposes to consider the practices of informal and alegal self-building not as a clandestine or illegal social practice, but as an anthropopoietic locus of local governance and transgressive political praxis. The author supposes that in a contest of global crisis of national economy and welfare state ideology, these productive practices could represent plausible and stimulant hypotheses for the emergence of an active and diffuse model of citizenship.

The case study will examine online and face-to-face learning experiences of the two different groups of students who have never been enrolled in an interior design studio, where they see their classmates and encounter an "interior architecture" project as a problem for the first time. As the "living spaces" were the main problematic of this design studio, the interaction, the time management in design development, means of representation, inputs and outputs of the studio, perception of space and scale were the main parameters that differed and varied within separate learning environments, and will be read through the feedback of the students.

ABSTRACT: This work was originally published as part of our approved thesis in 2016. In the second doctorate, we are taking up questions regarding this text, since the condominium phenomenon assumes an increasingly widespread occurrence. In order to 'rationalize' the occupation of Barra da Tijuca, still in the 1960s, the same urbanist that projected Brasília was invited. There is no mention of the word condominium in the Pilot Plan, although this was the form that was consolidated as a dwelling in the neighborhood, becoming a model associated with consumption and idealization, present both in the discourse of residents and in the stereotype created for them, that of the new-rich. Although there is a distinct spatial shape in the neighborhood compared to the rest of the city's form, it tends to mimic the behavior verified in the residents of the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro. The area was built in order to make the neighborhood an extension of that region, an idea that is present in the advertisements of land in the 1950s, at the beginning of its occupation, by means of the terrestrial connection with the South Zone of the city. We rely on a condominium configuration that, when approaching the favela, points to the reproduction of a state of exception that sustains the narcissistic fantasy of the walls. A certain prejudice in the neighborhood is associated with the lack of relevant cultural equipment, which is overcome by the construction of the City of Arts, a project that is in accordance with the marketing of cities and with strategic planning and began with Mayor César Maia. We propose the subjectivity existing in condominium life as the “death” of alterity, because it stems fundamentally from the regressive ego Ideal, giving rise to mimesis and narcissism of small differences, supported by the Greek myths of Cronus and Ulysses, and relating - respectively, to the regressive ego Ideal and to the maturing ego Ideal. It should be emphasized that condominium is one of the possible forms of the 'death' of alterity, since in it the walls impair the mirroring necessary for the constitution of identity. Methodologically, we used interviews with residents and former residents, among them the former mayor César Maia, in order to verify their perception regarding the experience of living in condominiums in Barra da Tijuca. Thus, we were able to contrast the subjects' discourse with the bibliographical review necessary for the research and to understand how much the State contributes to the formation of certain narratives that legitimize their actions, usually impinging on the private interests of the real estate market. In this sense, the construction of the City of Arts, sponsored by the City Hall, becomes the epitome of a re-signification of Barra da Tijuca.