Mammography Screening

Mammography x-rays uses to demonstrate different lesions among women by using ionizing radiation. This irradiation exposes the patient to slight high radiation amounts. This study conducted in amongst mammography patients in Khartoum, Sudan. The sample magnitude was 100 patients whose different types of diseases. All patients were underwent mammography. The factors were documented in this study were patient's characteristics and radiation exposure related factors. The mean MGD values calculated were 3.6 + 0.29 (p<0.05). Those results were suggestively more than the standard dose determined by international agencies (IAEA, NCRP and ACR).

(Patylak, M., Nass, S.J., Henderson, I.C., and Lashoff, J.C., eds.), This non technical summary was compiled from the Institute of Medicine Report produced by members of that committee including Dr. Latimer. 

X-ray mammography screening is the current mainstay for early breast cancer detection. It has been proven to detect breast cancer at an earlier stage and to reduce the number of women dying from the disease. However, it has a number of limitations.
These current limitations in early breast cancer detection technology are driving a surge of new technological developments, from modifications of x-ray mammography such as computer programs that can indicate suspicious areas, to newer methods of detection such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or biochemical tests on breast fluids. To explore the merits and drawbacks of these new breast cancer detection techniques, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences convened a committee of experts. During its year of operation, the committee examined the peer-reviewed literature, consulted with other experts in the field, and held two public workshops.
In addition to identifying promising new technologies for early detection, the committee explored potential barriers that might prevent the development of new detection methods and their common usage. Such barriers could include lack of funding from agencies that support research and lack of investment in the commercial sector; complicated, inconsistent, or unpredictable federal regulations; inadequate insurance reimbursement; and limited access to or unacceptability of breast cancer detection technology for women and their doctors. Based on the findings of their study, the committee prepared a report entitled Mammography and Beyond: Developing Technology for Early Detection of Breast Cancer, which was published in the spring of 2001. This is a non- technical summary of that report.

Breast cancer remains the main factor of female cancer mortality in France and participation in mammography screening campaigns remains low: 49.9% in 2017. However, the psycho determinants of participation in these campaigns has never been the subject of research in France. The theoretical framework most used for this type of research is the theory of planned behavior. This theoretical framework is criticized for its limitations a) concerning the understanding of the adoption of behaviour by individuals b) the identification of the expected benefits of the adoption of the behaviour and c) the relevance of the variables added to the initial model to understand the formation of behavioral intent. This article proposes to address these three issues in a) proposing to incorporate a collateral benefit to better understand the formation of the attitude: the fact that being screened by mammography makes it possible to induce his spouse to do the screening for the colorectal b) by testing the addition of confidence and perceived value as predictors of behavioral intent and c) by integrating peripheral behaviours to better understand the adoption of behaviour. A questionnaire survey (n = 135) was conducted in 2017 on women age from 40 to 75. The analyses are performed using structural equation modeling. The results show a) that collateral benefit is significantly predictive of the attitude and perceived value b) that time is the main brake for making a mammography c) that neither confidence nor perceived value is predictive of the behavioral intent and that d) taking rendez-vous with its doctor and, above all, doing blood tests are predictive of behaviour. Recommendations to increase the rate of participation in the screening campaigns are proposed in conclusion.

Objective: Evaluation of mammographic findings of women with
no breast symptoms visiting family practice outpatient clinic according
to BI-RADS categories and determination of benign and
malign disease rates.
Methods: The mammographic evidence of 874 women over age
40 submitting to family practice outpatient clinic between April
the 1st 2005 and October the 15th 2007 were evaluated.
Results: Most women going under mammography were in the
age group of 50-59 years. The most frequent categories found in
all age groups were BI-RADS 1,2,3 respectively. Cystic changes
were seen 18,9% as the most frequent bening lesions of the breasts
. The rate of breast cancer was %0.45.
Conclusions: The rate of benign lesions is lower than expected.
The rate of breast cancer is close to that of found in the Western
countries’ breast cancer screening programs. Women need to be
thoroughly informed on the importance of mammography in
screening breast cancer.

Objective: Evaluation of mammographic findings of women with no breast symptoms visiting family practice outpatient clinic according to BI-RADS categories and determination of benign and malign disease rates. Methods: The mammographic evidence of 874 women over age 40 submitting to family practice outpatient clinic between April the 1st 2005 and October the 15th 2007 were evaluated. Results: Most women going under mammography were in the age group of 50-59 years. The most frequent categories found in all age groups were BI-RADS 1,2,3 respectively. Cystic changes were seen 18,9% as the most frequent bening lesions of the breasts . The rate of breast cancer was %0.45. Conclusions: The rate of benign lesions is lower than expected. The rate of breast cancer is close to that of found in the Western countries’ breast cancer screening programs. Women need to be thoroughly informed on the importance of mammography in screening breast cancer. breast cancer.

Breast cancer remains a substantial health concern in Iran due to delay and late stage at diagnosis and treatment. Despite the potential benefits of mammography screening for early detection of breast cancer, the performance of this screening among Iranian women is low. For planning appropriate intervention, this study was carried out to identify mammography rates and explore determinants of mammography screening behavior in females of Isfahan, Iran. In this population-based study, 384 women of 40 years and older were interviewed by telephone. The Farsi version of Champion&#39;s Health Belief Model scale (CHBMS) was used to examine factors associated with mammography screening. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS (version 16.0) using statistical Chi-square, Fisher Exact test, t-test and multiple logistic regression model to identify the importance rate of socio-demographic and Health Belief Model (HBM) variables to predict mammography screening behavior. In all of tests, the lev...

This book was authored by members of this Institute of Medicine committee including Dr. Latimer. (Nass, S.J., Henderson, I.C., and Lashoff, J.C., eds.) Each year more than 180,000 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in women in the U.S. If cancer is detected when small and local, treatment options are less dangerous, intrusive, and costly-and more likely to lead to a cure. Yet those simple facts belie the complexity of developing and disseminating acceptable techniques for breast cancer diagnosis. Even the most exciting new technologies remain clouded with uncertainty. Mammography and Beyond provides a comprehensive and up-to-date perspective on the state of breast cancer screening and diagnosis and recommends steps for developing the most reliable breast cancer detection methods possible.
This book reviews the dramatic expansion of breast cancer awareness and screening, examining the capabilities and limitations of current and emerging technologies for breast cancer detection and their effectiveness at actually reducing deaths. The committee discusses issues including national policy toward breast cancer detection, roles of public and private agencies, problems in determining the success of a technique, availability of detection methods to specific populations of women, women's experience during the detection process, cost-benefit analyses, and more.Examining current practices and specifying research and other needs, Mammography and Beyond will be an indispensable resource to policy makers, public health officials, medical practitioners, researchers, women's health advocates, and concerned women and their families.
COMMITTEE ON TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE EARLY DETECTION OF BREAST CANCER
JOYCE C. LASHOF, M.D., FACP, CHAIR, Professor Emerita, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
I. CRAIG HENDERSON, M.D., VICE CHAIR, Adjunct Professor of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
D. CRAIG ALLRED, M.D., Professor of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
WADE M. AUBRY, M.D., Vice President, The Lewin Group, Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
JANET K. BAUM, M.D., FACR, Associate Professor of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Director, Breast Imaging, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
SUZANNE W. FLETCHER, M.D., M.Sc., Professor of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard School of Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Professor of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
MARTHE R. GOLD, M.D., M.P.H., Chair, Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, City University of New York Medical School, New York, NY
LEON GORDIS, M.D., D.P.H., Professor of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health & Hygiene, Baltimore, MD
DANIEL F. HAYES, M.D., Clinical Director, Breast Cancer Program, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
CAROLINA HINESTROSA, M.A., Cofounder and Executive Director, Nueva Vida, Silver Spring, MD
JEAN J. LATIMER, Ph.D., Investigator, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
RICHARD R. NELSON, Ph.D., George Blumenthal Professor, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York, NY
KENNETH OFFIT, M.D., M.P.H., Chief, Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Human Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
FAINA SHTERN, M.D., Director, Office of Research Affairs, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

MICHAEL W. VANNIER, M.D., Professor and Head, Department of Radiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
DEREK VAN AMERONGEN, M.D., M.S., FACOG, Chief Medical Officer, Humana/ Choice Care, Cincinnati, OH
Liaison for the National Cancer Policy Board
ROBERT DAY, M.D., M.P.H., Ph.D., Emeritus President and Director,
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
Consultants
LARRY NORTON, M.D., Chief, Solid Tumors, Memorial Sloan- Kettering, New York, NY
BARRON LERNER, M.D., Ph.D, Assistant Professor of Medicine and Public Health (in the Center for the Study of Society and Medicine), Columbia University, New York, NY

In this response to and appreciation of Martin Yaffe's reply to an earlier paper of this author's outlining a moderate perspective to the mammography debate, I here engage his many constructive comments. The issues covered are the claimed harm of overdiagnosis, the relative value of RCT versus observational study data, the integrity of the randomization process, the detection of advanced - not just early - cancers by mammographic screening, the poor and confusing media coverage of the debate, and finally, an exploration of the current state of the mammography debate, now and going forward.

Primary care practitioners have an important role to play in recommending breast cancer screening to patients in the target age group. In this issue of CMAJ (see pages 1335 to 1343) Dr. Marie-Dominique Beaulieu and associates report the results of a program designed to maximize utilization of screening mammography. Only two thirds of eligible women for whom screening mammography was prescribed obtained a mammogram within the 2-month study period. However, when taken in context, this compliance rate is fairly encouraging. There are many possible reasons for noncompliance such as a need for more information or for repeated suggestions. Family physicians should not become disheartened in their efforts to increase the use of screening procedures and may find that collaboration with others in giving consistent messages will help to maximize screening rates within their patient population.

The purpose of this study is to  not only apply threshold methods  and in particular Otsu’s method, but also give a detailed in depth  but simple understanding on the probability distribution , probability theory  and expected value,(mean). The differences between the respective mean intensity for each segment and global mean intensity is used to compute the variance between the classes. We then use Bayes’ formula of conditional probability  to compute the mean intensity and with this the Global average intensity, the intensity mean of image pixels, and subsequently the effective threshold. Furthermore we present the histogram and uniform  probability distribution in using the properties of a random variable. From the results we highlight the importance of reducing noise but also in  pre processing the images by segmentation for better results

Per programma di screening si intende un programma (o un "percorso") che seleziona in partenza un certo tipo di popolazione al fine di trovare, con l'ausilio di un appropriato esame diagnostico, una certa patologia in fase, possibilmente, pre-clinica. L'obbiettivo finale è la diminuzione della mortalità. Se l'obbiettivo è centrato, il programma è ritenuto valido. Per quanto riguarda la mammella la popolazione selezionata è solitamente compresa tra i 50 e i 69 anni e l'esame mammografico (scevro di visita clinica e letto "in doppio") è eseguito ogni due anni. Il PSM agisce grazie a quella che si chiama prevenzione secondaria e cioè utilizzando una "diagnosi precoce" (si parla di "anticipazione diagnostica") che permette di aumentare la quota di tumori mammari identificati ai primi stadi di sviluppo della malattia, cioè nella fase pre-clinica della malattia quando il trattamento ha maggiori probabilità di essere efficace e meno invasivo.

We here marshal the latest robust evidence that screening mammography performed at less than annual frequency is prognostically inferior to annual screening beginning at no later than 40 years of age and is associated with increased patient morbidity, and the need for more aggressive treatment. All women therefore should commence annual screening by age 40, with women at elevated risk beginning even earlier (age 25), to not only save the most lives, but to also have the best prognosis and lowest mortality should a woman be detected with a breast cancer at any stage.

Objective: Evaluation of mammographic findings of women with no breast symptoms visiting family practice outpatient clinic according to BI-RADS categories and determination of benign and malign disease rates. Methods: The mammographic evidence of 874 women over age 40 submitting to family practice outpatient clinic between April the 1st 2005 and October the 15th 2007 were evaluated. Results: Most women going under mammography were in the age group of 50-59 years. The most frequent categories found in all age groups were BI-RADS 1,2,3 respectively. Cystic changes were seen 18,9% as the most frequent bening lesions of the breasts . The rate of breast cancer was %0.45. Conclusions: The rate of benign lesions is lower than expected. The rate of breast cancer is close to that of found in the Western countries’ breast cancer screening programs. Women need to be thoroughly informed on the importance of mammography in screening breast cancer. breast cancer.