Management Effectiveness

Purpose: Using the cable car project proposed in Son Doong Cave (the world’s largest cave with outstanding heritage values), Vietnam as a case study, the dissertation aims to analyse the impacts of expanding access to natural heritage sites in four elements: economy, environment, social culture and conservation heritage value.
Design/Methodology/Approach: This research will follow a deductive study. Firstly, it reviews the concept of sustainable tourism, natural heritage value, management effectiveness evaluation at the protected area and stakeholder behaviour. Afterwards, it will discuss sustainable tourism in developing countries, heritage sites; stakeholder behaviour about the linkage; management effectiveness and expanding access to heritage area. This paper will be able to evaluate the current adventure tour in Son Doong compare with the potential outcome of the cable car project might bring to the region by analysing stakeholder perception. Assessing and maintaining high conservation value areas is central to compliance with several critical voluntary sustainability standards. The author conducted ten in-depth semi-structured interviews in the case of Son Doong cave from three groups of stakeholders: local people, visitors and expert. 
Findings: The paper proves that sustainable tourism and heritage can coexist for long term development. The research finds out that the different behaviour of stakeholders does not depend on the type of group but depend on their understanding of sustainable tourism, natural heritage value, their knowledge about the cave, education and background. The current adventure tour in Son Doong cave has some success but still have issues. The cable car project is perceived negatively and refused by all groups of stakeholder.
Practical implications: Tour company, local authority and heritage site manager need to consider to have a proper long term plan for the region. Reviewing local communities’ perceptions and experts’ suggestions are one of the factors that contribute to the success of the tourism plan. However, the education and raising awareness of local people and visitors about the conservation value are necessary and the priority mission.

A normative view of the role of middle management in the implementation of strategic change State University This paper investigates the through a review and analysis of three models of change initiatives. Middle managers have been viewed as 1) implementers of top defined strategic changes (e.g. O’Shannassy, 2003) change management (Floyd and Wooldr emergence of the strategic change of these three views of the strategic implementation role of middle management develops 1) insights into the middle management role factors needed to fulfill these roles; 3) requirements and needed results; management role in strategy change implementation.

Evaluating, monitoring, and improving the
effectiveness of project management can contribute
to successful acquisition of software systems.
According to our empirical studies on a range of
software development projects, half of the variation
in software project success ratings may be explained
by project management effectiveness measurements.
To improve the quality of the management, to focus
our improvement efforts on the right issues, and to
increase the odds of success in software projects, it
is essential to measure the effectiveness of software
project management. In this paper, we introduce
four different approaches for measuring software
project management effectiveness. Two of these
approaches discussed in this paper were successfully
used in the development of a metric for software
project management effectiveness. The contribution
of this paper is the introduction of these approaches
for guiding the researchers for the development of
other project management metrics.

A 750- to 1,050-word paper evaluating the financial health of a company. Highlighted are the importance of industry comparisons and trends. An industry comparison. Discussion of how the company’s financial performance compares with others in the company’s industry.
Formatted according to APA standards.
A Microsoft® Word document

In order to ensure effectiveness of marine protected area (MPA) management, the development of relevant indicators and evaluation of marine protected areas' performance is increasingly advocated. While most studies so far have focused on MPAs in tropical areas, this study investigates performance of temperate MPAs in British Columbia on the West coast of Canada. Contextual factors including management goals, conservation values and impacts on provincially managed MPAs are assessed. In addition, management issues and necessary improvements for increasing current management effectiveness are analysed for multiple MPAs and potential performance indicators identified. Results indicate that MPA management in British Columbia needs to be improved in all stages of the management cycle including the design of MPAs. Further obvious is a great need for intergovernmental collaboration and inclusion of aboriginal groups, besides the integration of marine user groups. By comparing available information on a range of MPAs, the study also finds that most identified performance indicators appear to be site-specific. Only a few indicators, mainly governance ones, were identified for multiple MPAs and thus seem to be indicative for the performance of MPA management on a wider scale.► MPA management in British Columbia needs to be improved in all management stages. ► High intergovernmental coordination is critical for multiple MPA management aspects in BC. ► Available information on expected MPA outcomes is very limited. ► Some identified threats and performance indicators different to tropical MPAs.

Protected areas are one of the most important and most effective instruments in the world that have been established to protect biodiversity. In recent decades, due to the rapid growth of human population growth and the destruction of natural resources the global methods of protected areas management effectiveness have been widely used for sustainable development. The use of international methods in the management of protected areas will achieve sustainable development along with the maximum protection of biodiversity; therefore, the methods have been developed to assess the effectiveness of management of protected areas. Khuzestan Province, with its high values, both in the water sector and in the land and coastal areas, has provided the basis for the establishment of a suitable substrate for biodiversity in the protected areas of the province. In this study, the assessment of the management effectiveness of Dez, Shimbar and Koraii protected areas with different climatic characteristics and management experience over 5 years has been reviewed. The RAPPAM methodology was used to assess and explain the capacity of Khuzestan and to ensure the sustainable development. This method, as a decision tool for promoting effective management to achieve management goals, has four main indicators of Inputs, Outputs, Design and Planning and Processes.The results show  that Dez protected area with 128 score has the highest management effectiveness score  and Shimbar with 64 score  has the lowest management effectiveness score  in the studied areas; This indicates that protected areas like Shimbar with the lower Management experience need more attention and a better management solution from their respective organizations.
Extended Abstract
1-Introduction
Protected areas are one of the most important and effective tools in the world that have been established to protect biodiversity.The view of environmental management based on natural resources management states that human needs of natural resources and the use of these resources over many years should be possible (Ghaffari et al., 1995: 86). Therefore, management and effectiveness assessment are key factors for long-term sustainability of protected areas (Joppa et al., 2013; 1).The international conservation community has been sensitive to the effectiveness of protected areas at least two decades ago (Hockings et al., 2006). In recent years, many countries and conservation organizations have developed a variety of methods to assess the effectiveness of protected areas (Hochkings, 2010: 1). More than 50 different tools were used to assess the management effectiveness in protected areas in more than 100 countries (Leverington et al., 2010: 687). Despite the wide range of quick assessment methods, these methods are used less in our country to assess the effectiveness of management of protected areas. Khuzestan Province has a set of ecological, biological and eventually environmental values, both in the water sector and in the land and coastal areas, provided the basis for creating a suitable biodiversity enrichment base (Nabavi et al., 2010: 149). These areas, which have undergone many changes in recent years, require more attention and management studies.
2-Materials and Methods
The methodology of rapid assessment and prioritization of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM) is based on the process of a set of questionnaires. Analysis of the effectiveness of methodological management has four pillars (indicators) that affect the management of the area including planning, inputs, processes, and Outputs, each of which consists of several parts. All sectors except management have a separate questionnaire for assessing the region. First, using the archival documents and information of the protected areas, in order to determine the statistical society, the status of the forces employed in the protected areas of the province was examined. Since surveys and participation in working groups were not possible for all members of the statistical community, according to the Kerjcie and Morgan formula (1970), the number of samples required for the survey was determined.
Questionnaire responses and the way to rate regional design and planning questionnaires, inputs, management decision making processes, and management outputs were organized as 4 options with zero points, more with 1 point, more yes with 2 points and yes with 3 points (WWF.2003).  The analysis of the management effectiveness for a single site can determine the strengths and weaknesses of a region if the comparative analysis of a large number of regions (by determining the average scores of each question) can identify the weaknesses and strengths of the system. The result of the analysis of the effectiveness of access management is from 0 to 300 points. Managers of protected areas and policymakers can use this information to regulate regional policies, allocate credits, and develop technical support programs (WWF 2003).
3-Results and Discussion
The results of studies based on RAPPAM methodology in Figure 1 show that planning has the highest score among the indicators of management effectiveness. This index (planning) has the highest score in Rhapsody in Russia (Tyrlyshkin et al., 2003; 17), Turkey (Kurdoğlu and Çokçaliskan, 2011: 17219), China and Taiwan (Lu et al, 2012: 278). This indicates the existence of proper planning in studied protected areas as compared to other indicators affecting the management effectiveness. Management Outputs data in the present study has the least effect and score among management effectiveness indicators. The Dez protected area ​​ has the highest score in the inputs index. The Koraii protected area with the highest score in the management process index and in the management decision-making segment reflects the shared management and staffing of the communities with local communities and effective communication among management, employees and local communities. The weakest outputs of infrastructure development in the regions is as a management outputs, while the output in China (Li, 2003: 13) is known as the strongest outflow.

Fig. 1: Mean scores methodology questionnaires of studied protected areas

Assessing the effectiveness management of protected areas is a way of evaluating their performance (Carranza et al., 2014: 10).  According to Figure 1, the final results of the studies indicate that the protected area with the highest score of 128 points and the protected area of Shimbar with a score of 64 lowest points and a protected area with a score of 111 among these other regions.
4-Conclusion
Despite many changes that have taken place in protected areas in recent years, management in these areas is difficult and requires strategic solutions to improve the level of management of areas. The Shimbar protected area has a lower management level than other areas studied. The results will reveal the weaknesses and strengths of management in the management of the affected areas. The Shimbar protected area has a lot of planning and investment opportunities. Therefore, in order to raise the level of management, it requires constant monitoring and oversight by the relevant organizations and more careful attention to the management needs; if properly planned, it will provide the opportunity to enjoy the natural attractions of the region for tourism in addition to protecting the area.