On February 13, 1980, the Great and General Council of San Marino adopted a law which finally abolished the titles of nobility. The mere fact of granting nobility by the government of republican state deserves attention. Granting nobility... more
On February 13, 1980, the Great and General Council of San Marino adopted a law which finally abolished the titles of nobility. The mere fact of granting nobility by the government of republican state deserves attention. Granting nobility was from the very beginning related to the acquisition of San Marino citizenship. It was granted mainly to gain support among the rural gentry. Later, a honorary citizenship of San Marino became a prestigious award -- an expression of gratitude for contribution made to the republic or recognition of outstanding achievements in the arts and culture. It was granted for life or hereditarily. Adopting the Nobility Law of 1931 was probably an attempt to use the institution of nobility to legitimate the new Fascist regime. In 1946 that law was repealed. In 1980 granting of nobility titles was finally prohibited. The article describes the 500 year history of the nobility in San Marino and its regulation, as well as tries to answer the question about the functions of nobility in the republic.
It is important to study not only the political-military history of the crusades but also the history of thought and culture behind the conflict, as well as the anthropology and mythology of the times. This article thus measures the... more
It is important to study not only the political-military history of the crusades but also the history of thought and culture behind the conflict, as well as the anthropology and mythology of the times. This article thus measures the impact of the legend on the hostility, and the détente that marked the relationships between the Muslims and the crusaders, from the downfall of Edessa to ´Imād al-Dín Zengi, Atabeg of Mosul, in 1144 up to the Fifth Crusade and the Capture of the Egyptian city Damietta 1217-1221. It also strives to discover the extent to which the legend shaped real events - in both the Latin West and East − and played a crucial role in forging the conflict between the Muslims and the crusaders. The article seeks to examine Latin-Crusader perception for the future king from the Far East in the figure of Prester John and how the Muslims perceived the advance of such king through the Oriental Muslim lands. Furthermore, the impact of the legend on the peace negotiations between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders during the Fifth Crusade will be examined. https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/10.1484/M.OUTREMER-EB.5.122518
