Melanin

The process of melanin synthesis and distribution is called melanogenesis, a process that is based on melanocytes present among the basal cells of the epidermis. Pigments formed in melanocyte melanosomes are then stored in the basal layer of epidermal cells, as well as in dermal macro-phages, which become melanophores. From the embryological point of view, melanocytes derive from the melanoblasts of the neural crest, from where they migrate during the first months of life into the skin, eye, cochlea, bone, peripheral nervous system, heart and adipose tissue. The melanic pigments, eumelanin and pheomelanin, are the final product of complex biochemical reactions starting from the amino acid L-tyrosine. Melanin has a major role in skin homeostasis through the photoprotection it offers from the harmful effect of ultraviolet radiation. Melanin absorbs and/or reflects ultraviolet radiation but is also involved in the neutralizing process of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Pigmentogenesis is a dependent oxygen process and is controlled by intrinsic factors (genetic and hormonal) as well as extrinsic factors (ultraviolet radiation). Melanogenesis is stimulated by stimulant melanocytic hormone, adrenocorticotropin hormone, estrogens and proges-terone. The present review aimed to provide a summary of recent data about melanogenesis physiology.

The question "Is race real?" is answered with a resounding Yes! A theory of what race is is provided. Starting with Michael Bradley's (Chosen people from the Caucasus. Chicago: Third World Press) definition of race, five tenets are adduced which culminate in a biogenetic foundation for "race" based in melanin depigmentation mutation as occurred in the phylogeny of homo sapiens. The onset of "race" as legitimate taxonomy for human variation below the species level amongst genetically distinct groups capable of crossbreeding is located precisely at the point of Cro Magnon's emergence-a phylogenetic process involving an enzyme that is critical in the sequence of chemical reactions that produce or catalyze melanin which until said emergence had been present in all humanity from Afarensis (dubbed "Lucy") through African "Eve" (so-called) and all of her successors, except it is missing in white humans descending from Cro Magnon. This argument is scientific reflecting a fresh, hard race position (race as a "natural" kind) based in biogenetics largely absent in earlier debates which have ignored or pooh-poohed it drawing instead on soft race positions arising from social construction and racial realism (two social "kinds" of race) arguments.

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قیمت تونیک رفع سفیدی مو 5040
لوسیون رفع سفیدی مو هیرا
قیمت بسته رفع سفیدی مو 5040
فروش رفع سفیدی مو در چالدران
قیمت رفع سفیدی مو
پکیج رفع سفیدی مو هیرا
قیمت رفع سفیدی مو ۵۰۴۰
قیمت پک رفع سفیدی مو 5040
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اگر میخواهید اطلاع حاصل کنید که رفع سفیدی مو هیرا واقعیت دارد یا خیر؟ کافیست که مواد تشکیل دهنده آن را در اینترنت خود نیز جستجو کنید و ببینین که آیا گیاه آمله یا مورد و ... روی ریشه مو تاثیر می گذارد یا خیر؟
محصول دارای ضمانت نامه نیز می باشد و هیچ گونه عوارضی برای مصرف کننده آن ندارد.
//___________________________________________________________________________
رفع سفیدی مو ۵۰۴۰+قیمت
قیمت پک رفع سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت بسته رفع سفیدی مو 5040
خرید لوسیون رفع سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت شامپو رفع سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت تونیک رفع سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت تونیک ضد سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت داروی رفع سفیدی مو 5040
نمایندگی فروش تونیک رفع سفیدی مو هیرا در چالدران 09120852440
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Can white hair turn black naturally?
Can you reverse white hair?
Can Grey Or White Hair Turn Black Again Naturally?
How to turn White Hair into Black?
can grey hair be turned black naturally?
how to turn grey hair into black permanently naturally?
how to make hair black naturally without dye?
can white hair turn black again?
if you want to buy this product , Please contact with +989120852440 in telegram.

Patients and clinicians use skin color attributes such as color uniformity, color distribution, and texture to infer physiologic health status. Normalization of skin color, surface texture, and height are important treatment goals in the treatment of scars. Skin color, structure, and response to trauma, vary with ethnicity. The incidence of hypertrophic and keloid scar formation is influenced by these inherent skin attributes. Skin type influences the response to various modalities including laser therapy and surgical intervention, and skin differences must be considered in treatment planning to achieve optimal results.

Cloudman S91 mouse melanoma cells vary in constitutive and inducible melanin levels. Survival, mutation induction and DNA damage were quantitated after exposure to UVB, UVA and FS20 lamps. Assuming that the observed differences are related to melanin, induced pigment is photo-protective for survival and mutation after UVB and FS20 exposure, and is photosensitizing for survival after UVA exposure. No changes in pyrimidine dimers could be measured. DNA damage in pigmented mouse melanocytes (melan-a and melan-b) was greater than that in albino melanocytes (melan-c) after UVB and FS20, and the pigmented cells were more sensitive to killing. Pigment appears to be protective for killing by UVA in these melanocytes. Human melanocytes from different skin types vary in both melanin amount and composition (eu- and pheomelanin). Effects of pigmentation on UVB responses are unclear. In UVA, heavily pigmented cells have more DNA damage than lightly pigmented cells, but are resistant to killing. Increased pheomelanin photosensitizes DNA damage in lightly pigmented cells. Since eumelanin predominates in the mouse melanoma cells and melanocytes, they are less likely than human cells to provide a satisfactory model for human solar melanomagenesis. In order to understand the mechanism of photocarcinogenesis of melanoma, melanins in human melanocytes from different pigment types should be carefully quantitated and characterized. Mutations induced in them by solar wavelength-emitting lamps with well-characterized spectra should be measured, and mutant DNA should be sequenced to determine the nature of the solar-induced lesions. Research should focus on UVA and pheomelanin.

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قیمت تونیک رفع سفیدی مو 5040
لوسیون رفع سفیدی مو هیرا
قیمت بسته رفع سفیدی مو 5040
فروش رفع سفیدی مو در پلدشت
قیمت رفع سفیدی مو
پکیج رفع سفیدی مو هیرا
قیمت رفع سفیدی مو ۵۰۴۰
قیمت پک رفع سفیدی مو 5040
//___________________________________________________________________________
اگر میخواهید اطلاع حاصل کنید که رفع سفیدی مو هیرا واقعیت دارد یا خیر؟ کافیست که مواد تشکیل دهنده آن را در اینترنت خود نیز جستجو کنید و ببینین که آیا گیاه آمله یا مورد و ... روی ریشه مو تاثیر می گذارد یا خیر؟
محصول دارای ضمانت نامه نیز می باشد و هیچ گونه عوارضی برای مصرف کننده آن ندارد.
//___________________________________________________________________________
رفع سفیدی مو ۵۰۴۰+قیمت
قیمت پک رفع سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت بسته رفع سفیدی مو 5040
خرید لوسیون رفع سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت شامپو رفع سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت تونیک رفع سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت تونیک ضد سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت داروی رفع سفیدی مو 5040
نمایندگی فروش تونیک رفع سفیدی مو هیرا در پلدشت 09120852440
//___________________________________________________________________________
Can white hair turn black naturally?
Can you reverse white hair?
Can Grey Or White Hair Turn Black Again Naturally?
How to turn White Hair into Black?
can grey hair be turned black naturally?
how to turn grey hair into black permanently naturally?
how to make hair black naturally without dye?
can white hair turn black again?
if you want to buy this product , Please contact with +989120852440 in telegram.

اگر میخواهید تونیک رفع سفیدی مو هیرا را در اسکو تهیه کنید با 09120852440 یا 09026665040 تماس بگیرید.
قیمت تونیک رفع سفیدی مو 5040
لوسیون رفع سفیدی مو هیرا
قیمت بسته رفع سفیدی مو 5040
فروش رفع سفیدی مو در اسکو
قیمت رفع سفیدی مو
پکیج رفع سفیدی مو هیرا
قیمت رفع سفیدی مو ۵۰۴۰
قیمت پک رفع سفیدی مو 5040
//___________________________________________________________________________
اگر میخواهید اطلاع حاصل کنید که رفع سفیدی مو هیرا واقعیت دارد یا خیر؟ کافیست که مواد تشکیل دهنده آن را در اینترنت خود نیز جستجو کنید و ببینین که آیا گیاه آمله یا مورد و ... روی ریشه مو تاثیر می گذارد یا خیر؟
محصول دارای ضمانت نامه نیز می باشد و هیچ گونه عوارضی برای مصرف کننده آن ندارد.
//___________________________________________________________________________
رفع سفیدی مو ۵۰۴۰+قیمت
قیمت پک رفع سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت بسته رفع سفیدی مو 5040
خرید لوسیون رفع سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت شامپو رفع سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت تونیک رفع سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت تونیک ضد سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت داروی رفع سفیدی مو 5040
نمایندگی فروش تونیک رفع سفیدی مو هیرا در اسکو 09120852440
//___________________________________________________________________________
Can white hair turn black naturally?
Can you reverse white hair?
Can Grey Or White Hair Turn Black Again Naturally?
How to turn White Hair into Black?
can grey hair be turned black naturally?
how to turn grey hair into black permanently naturally?
only 2 minutes white hair turn black naturally?
how to make hair black naturally without dye?
can white hair turn black again?
if you want to buy this product , Please contact with +989120852440 in telegram.

Melanosomes are important components of integumentary tissues in modern vertebrates and have been reported from various vertebrate and invertebrate fossils ranging in age from the upper Palaeozoic to the Cenozoic. Much previous work on fossil melanin has focussed on reconstructions of integumentary colour in fossils. Modern vertebrates, however, also possess melanin in internal tissues; the impact of these internal melanosomes on interpretation of fossil soft tissues – and fossil colour – has not been assessed. Here we present the first systematic analysis of the anatomical distribution and abundance of melanosomes in different vertebrate taxa. The abundance of melanin in tissues of extant amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals was assessed using histological sections. Melanin extracts from these tissues were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Our results reveal that melanosomes are abundant in internal organs of extant vertebrates. These internal melanosomes always differ in trace element chemistry, and, in some taxa, in geometry, to melanosomes from the skin. These findings can be applied to fossils to allow integumentary and non-integumentary melanosomes to be discriminated, thus allowing more accurate interpretations of internal anatomy and integumentary colour in fossils.

Melanin is primarily designated as animal cutaneous pigment and considered separately from similar fungal or bacterial pigments. Pigmentation disorders comprise various kinds of diverse conditions that are usually categorized by altered melanocyte embryological development, melanin concentration, defects in melanogenesis, flaws in biogenesis of melanosomes, problems in Melanosomes transport and its survival or both, and result in altered pigmentation of the skin. Many of the disorders by pigmentation are extremely common like melasma and vitiligo whereas some are very rare. Many gene mutations related to pigmentation disorder already described, but the function of their final product protein and their implication in melanogenesis are only partially understood, brings new clues in the understanding of the pigmentation process. In recent years, several reports have demonstrated the wide range of nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma applications on melanogenesis. This chapter serves as a comprehensive update on the current understanding of the pigmentation production, disease associated with interaction of skin pigmentation with UV rays, hypermelanogenesis and hypomelanogenesis, as well as treatments for this common, yet therapeutically challenging conditions using surgical, hormonal, immunological, antioxidative and cold atmospheric plasma treatment compounds.

Currently, Cell Biology is based in glucose as main source of energy. Cellular bioenergetic pathways have become unnecessarily complex in their eagerness to explain that how the cell is able to generate and use energy from the oxidation of glucose, where mitochondria play an important role through oxidative phosphorylation. During a descriptive study about the three leading causes of blindness in the world, the ability of melanin to transform light energy into chemical energy through the dissociation of water molecule was unraveled. Initially, during 2 or 3 years; we tried to link together our findings with the widely accepted metabolic pathways already described in metabolic pathway databases, which have been developed to collect and organize the current knowledge on metabolism scattered across a multitude of scientific articles. However, firstly, the literature on metabolism is extensive but rarely conclusive evidence is available, and secondly, one would expect these databases to contain largely the same information, but the contrary is true. Furthermore, in a single well-known metabolic process as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or Krebs Cycle; which is found in nearly every biology and chemistry curriculum, described in 1937; even for this apparently well-studied process there is considerable disagreement between at least five databases. In brief, of the nearly 7000 reactions the databases jointly contain only 199 are described in the same way to all five databases. Thereby try to integrate chemical energy from melanin with the supposedly well-known bioenergetic pathways is easier said than done; and the lack of consensus about metabolic network constitutes an insurmountable barrier. Finally, after years of unsuccessful results, we realized that the chemical energy that is released through the dissociation of water molecule by melanin represents just over 90% of cell energy requirements, because the cell uses energy in many and different ways; furthermore, both glucose and ATP have biological functions related only to biomass, and not so much with energy.
Our finding about the unexpected intrinsic property of melanin to transform photon energy into chemical energy through the dissociation of water molecule, a role performed supposedly only by chlorophyll in plants, questioning seriously the sacrosanct role of glucose and thereby mitochondria as an energy and power source of the cell.

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قیمت تونیک رفع سفیدی مو 5040
لوسیون رفع سفیدی مو هیرا
قیمت بسته رفع سفیدی مو 5040
فروش رفع سفیدی مو در جلفا
قیمت رفع سفیدی مو
پکیج رفع سفیدی مو هیرا
قیمت رفع سفیدی مو ۵۰۴۰
قیمت پک رفع سفیدی مو 5040
//___________________________________________________________________________
اگر میخواهید اطلاع حاصل کنید که رفع سفیدی مو هیرا واقعیت دارد یا خیر؟ کافیست که مواد تشکیل دهنده آن را در اینترنت خود نیز جستجو کنید و ببینین که آیا گیاه آمله یا مورد و ... روی ریشه مو تاثیر می گذارد یا خیر؟
محصول دارای ضمانت نامه نیز می باشد و هیچ گونه عوارضی برای مصرف کننده آن ندارد.
//___________________________________________________________________________
رفع سفیدی مو ۵۰۴۰+قیمت
قیمت پک رفع سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت بسته رفع سفیدی مو 5040
خرید لوسیون رفع سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت شامپو رفع سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت تونیک رفع سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت تونیک ضد سفیدی مو 5040
قیمت داروی رفع سفیدی مو 5040
نمایندگی فروش تونیک رفع سفیدی مو هیرا در جلفا 09120852440
//___________________________________________________________________________
Can white hair turn black naturally?
Can you reverse white hair?
Can Grey Or White Hair Turn Black Again Naturally?
How to turn White Hair into Black?
can grey hair be turned black naturally?
how to turn grey hair into black permanently naturally?
only 2 minutes white hair turn black naturally?
how to make hair black naturally without dye?
can white hair turn black again?
if you want to buy this product , Please contact with +989120852440 in telegram.

Sạm da là tình trạng bệnh lý phổ biến, mặc dù không nguy hiểm nhưng gây mất thẩm mỹ, dẫn đến tâm lý tự ti, mặc cảm. Nguyên nhân chính của hiện tượng sạm da là sự tăng tổng hợp cục bộ hắc tố melanin, một loại polymer khối lượng phân tử lớn, khó phân tích và không thể hòa tan trong bất cứ dung môi nào, khiến cho việc nghiên cứu đặc tính melanin trở nên khó khăn. Số lượng và loại melanin được sản xuất, cũng như sự phân bố sau cùng của chúng trong thượng bì, ảnh hưởng sâu sắc đến màu sắc da. Điều trị nám hiện nay vẫn còn là một thách thức vì chưa có giải pháp khống chế nám một cách thỏa đáng. Các chất thường dùng điều trị nám hiện nay chủ yếu là dẫn xuất của benzene và dựa trên tác dụng chính là ức chế men tyrosinase, một loại enzyme xúc tác cho phản ứng tổng hợp melanin từ tiền chất ban đầu là tyrosine. Mối quan ngại về hiệu quả cũng như tính an toàn của các chất này đã được đề cập nhiều trong y văn. Nhu cầu tìm kiếm một hoạt chất ức chế sắc tố ngày càng trở nên cấp thiết. Trong bài viết dưới đây, chúng tôi trình bày về hiện tượng viêm trong quá trình điều trị nám như là một trong những lý do khiến việc điều trị nám ngày càng trở nên khó khăn. Ngoài ra chúng tôi cũng công bố một loạt các hoạt chất mới có tác dụng ức chế đặc hiệu trên men tyrosinase với độ mạnh lớn hơn các chất kinh điển từ hàng chục đến hàng trăm lần và tác dụng phụ ít hơn đáng kể, mở ra một cơ hội mới cho những bênh nhân nám da dai dẳng, đã nhiều lần thất bại với các phương pháp điều trị chính thống.

Melanin is a dark brown to black biomacromolecule with biologically active multifunctional properties that do not have a precise chemical structure, but its structure mainly depends on the poly-merization conditions during the synthesis process. Natural melanin can be isolated from various animal, plant, and microbial sources, while synthetic melanin-like compounds can be synthesized by simple polymerization of dopamine. Melanin is widely used in various areas due to its functional properties such as photosensitivity, light barrier property, free radical scavenging ability, antioxidant activity, etc. It also has an excellent ability to act as a reducing agent and capping agent to synthesize various metal nanoparticles. Melanin nanoparticles (MNP) or melanin-like nanoparticles (MLNP) have the unique potential to act as functional materials to improve nano-composite films' physical and functional properties. Various food packaging and biomedical applications have been made alone or by mixing melanin or MLNP. In this review, the general aspects of melanin that highlight biological activity, along with a description of MNP and the use as nano-fillers in packaging films as well as reducing and capping agents and biomedical applications, were comprehensively reviewed.

Hiperpigmentasi merupakan kelainan kulit berupa peningkatan jumlah produksi melanin. Proses pembentukan melanin terjadi dengan bantuan biokatalis yang berperan dalam reaksi pencokelatan adalah enzim tirosinase. Inhibitor tirosinase digunakan dalam kosmetik sebagai pencegah terjadinya hiperpigmentasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk uji penghambatan enzim tirosinase terhadap ekstrak buah stroberi, blueberry, bilberry, raspberry dan acaiberry secara in vitro. Pemilihan inhibitor dari bahan alam memiliki tingkat keamanan yang lebih aman daripada sintesis. Ekstrak buah stroberi, blueberry, bilberry, raspberry dan acaiberry diperkirakan memiliki aktivitas inhibitor tirosinase karena mengandung senyawa flavonoid. Pengujian dilakukan dengan L-DOPA sebagai substrat, ekstrak buah stroberi, blueberry, bilberry, raspberry dan acaiberry dengan konsentrasi 20000, 10000, 5000, 2500, 1250, 625 dan 312.5 µg/ml dengan kontrol positif asam kojat lalu diukur serapannya dengan menggunakan microplate reader pada panjang gelombang 490 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masing-masing ekstrak memiliki aktivitas inhibitor tirosinase dengan nilai IC50 ekstrak stroberi 139,257.214 µg/mL; ekstrak blueberry 45,684.532 µg/mL; ekstrak bilberry 13,129.350 µg/mL; ekstrak raspberry 113,543.433 µg/mL dan ekstrak acaiberry sebesar 47,191.359 µg/mL dan potensi relatif sebesar 1000 kali asam kojat. Kadar Flavonoid yang terkandung dalam ekstrak buah stroberi, blueberry, bilberry, raspberry dan acaiberry memiliki nilai yang hampir sama dengan rata-rata sebesar 0.06 mg QE/gram ekstrak.

Melanin is ubiquitously found everywhere yet, in American Studies Melanin main primitive seems to be only of what gives pigment to the skin. If the pineal gland secretes Melanin and Melatonin, wouldn't it contribute to more than just skin color?

Photoprotection and Anti-inflammatory properties of characterized melanin produced by marine proteobacterium Providencia rettgeri strain BTKKS1 was explored in the study. Characterization of melanin was carried out by chemical, FTIR, proton NMR and EPR analysis. The radical scavenging property was estimated using DPPH assay and Fe 2+ chelating potential was also evaluated. Effect of melanin on the activities of Cyclooxygenase, Lipoxygenase, Myeloperoxidase and Cellular Nitrite is used to evaluate anti-inflammatory potential. Enhancement of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) is evaluated to study its effectiveness in photoprotection. Cytotoxicity of melanin was estimated using MTT assay.The chemical, FTIR, proton NMR and EPR characterization were typical of eumelanin. The pigment also showed profound radical scavenging activity (63.73%) and metal chelating potential (97.09%). Melanin significantly inhibited the activity of the inflammatory enzymes in a dose dependent manner and enhanced the SPF value of commercial sunscreens at an average of 2.64 factors. This melanin was also less cytotoxic with an IC50 value of 97.87μg/mL. The immense Anti-inflammatory property of the pigment can be utilized in therapeutic applications. The photoprotection potential of melanin can be utilized in cosmetic formulations, UV protection devices etc.

The development and evolution of eyes is ancient and difficult problem in biology. Darwin postulated a prototype eye which can evolve under natural selection. Neo-Darwinists, based in morphological criteria, have postulated a polyphyletic origin that has evolved independently in the various animal phyla. Molecular phylogenetic analyses and developmental genetic experiments, cast serious doubts on both theories. The study of the development of the eye in the amphibian embryo has been a formidable tool research to experimental embryology and evolutionary biology as early as 1901. The embryonic induction, the interactions between different embryonic tissues (organizers); and the role of genes, were conceived as result of reciprocal transplantation experiments. The classical description is that the eye in vertebrates develops from the neural plate, as an evagination from the brain, forming the optic vesicle; which subsequently invaginates to form the optic cup. The inner layer of the optic cup forms the retina with its photoreceptor layers, whereas the outer layer gives rise to the pigment epithelium which absorbs the light in the back of the retina. However, failed to recognize the importance of melanin pigment. The mammalian eye consists of several layers that contain melanin, 40 % more than skin in average. Retinal, Iris and ciliary pigment epithelial cells are derived from neural ectoderm, oppositely, the uveal melanocytes, placed in choroid, iris and ciliary body stroma, are developed from the neural crest. The photo screening protective effects of melanin, the biophysical and biochemical also protective effects and biologic and photo biologic effects; have been extensively studied, but so far, researchers have been considered melanin merely as a sun block with difficult-to-explain properties. Therefore, the unsuspected intrinsic property of melanin to transforms visible and invisible light, into chemical energy, through water dissociation, as chlorophyll in plants, founded in our research facility in 2002 break the ground in regards our concepts about the biology and physiology of the body and therefore the eye. Melanin is a fundamental molecule in bioenergetic pathways, wherever is placed, and the ocular globe is not an exception. Thereby, the main function of melanin in the eye, is chemical energy production through water dissociation, as chlorophyll in plants.

Some diseases of pigs are caused by resident microorganisms as a result of the harmful effects of stress factors on the pigs. Weaning, which is considered to be a major physiological and psychological stress factor, is critical for the disease to occur. Using of adaptogens for piglets at weaning is able to increase body's resistance. The purpose of our research was to determine the efficacy of the Melavit made with melanin from black antarctic yeast genus Nadsoniella nigra strain X 1.
We used 25-day-aged piglets as a model of application of melanin to protect from stress before weaning. The analysis of the results of the Melavit using are given in the article. The overall prevalence in herd of bronchopneumonia was 29.8% and indigestion was 23.6%. The prevalence of bronchopneumonia among suckling piglets was only 6.9% and 52,7% among feeder pigs herds. The prevalence of dispepsia accordingly was 4.2% and 43.1%. It is our observation that the using of melavit reduces the incidence of digestive of weaning piglets to 8.2%  (in  5.2 times), and reduces of  prevalence their respiratory pathologies to 4.1% - in 12.8 times (n = 12). The observed data are consistent with the hypothesis that the Melavit increases the local resistance of the mucous membranes
In order to take into account the change of activity of cellular immunity (nonspecific immunity) we studied measurement of blood-cell activity. Although the applications of Melavit had not lead to significant change of lysozyme activity of serum and phagocytic number, the phagocytic activity increased by 26% in the group where Melavit was injected as a spray. Overall the phagocytic activity of neutrophils increased on average by 17.9% in piglets that received Melavit. The level of secretory IgA in nasopharyngeal secretions of pigs was on average 1.85 times higher (p <0.05) than the control.
On 60-day-old piglets obtained a 15% weight gain as compared with the control. This indicates the ability of Melavit to reduce the negative effects of stress at weaning piglets.
The results of this paper are supportive for the notion that Melavit should be used in suckling piglets at 3-5 day before weaning.

A combination of affinity chromatography and chemometrics is demonstrated to provide information on drug analytes and on biomacromolecules forming stationary phases, which is of relevance to molecular pharmacology and to rational drug design. The approach can also be applied to elucidate the molecular mechanism of enantioseparation on natural biopolymer stationary phases. Affinity high-performance liquid chromatographic data, which were determined on silica-based human serum albumin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, keratin, collagen, melanin and amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) stationary phases, are discussed. Quantitative structure-retention relationships (QSRRs) derived for test series of drug analytes are interpreted in terms of structural requirements of specific binding sites on biomacromolecules. A means to quantify the differences in drug-biomacromolecule binding among the members of analyte families is demonstrated based on hydrophobicity and structural descriptors from ...

Context: Although there is an abundance of several microbial phyla in the oceans actinobacteria have emerged as a major source for natural products. Streptomyces sps is the widely encountered actinobacteria. Lately, Streptomyces are increasingly been used for pigment extraction. Aim: The aim herein was to extract bioactive melanin pigment from rare actinobacteria, which is a not a widespread occurrence. Materials and Methods: Marine samples were collected aseptically from the waters of the Arabian Sea, Allepey, Kerala, India. Isolation was performed by serial dilution method upon dry heat treatment and pre-enrichment technique on Actinomycetes Isolation Agar. Selected potent isolates were fermented and the pigments were extracted. Thereafter the pigment was analyzed by various techniques viz., thin layer chromatography, UV-Visible spectrophotometry and Fourier Transfer Infra Red spectroscopy. Further, the pigment was evaluated for its antibacterial, anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing potential. Results: The isolates were designated as JN1 and JN2 and their respective extracts JN1M and JN2M. JN1M was found to be inhibiting biofilm forming clinical isolate Staphylococcus sp. showing an activity of 64.20 ± 3.33% and pigment from JN2M 65.99± 2.81%. The melanin pigment also exhibited considerable activity against various human pathogens. The isolate JN1 was identified as Nocardiopsis dassonvillei strain JN1 (accession number: KX263302) and JN2 as Nocardiopsis sp (accession number: KX263303) by conventional and molecular techniques. Conclusion: With reference to previous reports, this is one of the very few reports of marine Nocardiopsis dassonvillei exhibiting melanin production. Thus it has established the production of melanin from rare actinomycetes, N. dassonvillei in specific. Key Messages: There has been a step up in the demand for microbial pigments. Melanin is increasingly being used in biomedicine (against cancer, Parkinson's disease, as antimicrobials) and in cosmetic industries. We herein investigated the production of melanin from rare actinobacteria which is an uncommon occurrence. The ability of the pigment to determine anti-quorum sensing activity is a research highlight.

Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in the production of melanins in plants and animals. Forty-five secondary metabolites isolated from Marrubium velutinum and Marrubium cylleneum belonging to the classes of flavonoids, phenylethanoid glycosides, phenolic acids and lignan glycosides were screened for their inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase. Flavonoids and phenylethanoid glycosides showed moderate inhibitory activity, while phenolic acids were less active than phenylethanoid glycosides, suggesting that both phenolic groups are important for the activity.

Melanin is a pigment that plays an important role in providing coloration and protecting human skin from the harmful effects of UV light radiation. Human skin color is determined by the type and amount of melanins that are synthesized and deposited within the melanosomes. In addition, the transfer of these specialized membrane-bound organelles from melanocytes to surrounding keratinocytes also plays a role in dictating human skin color. In order to investigate the principle features of skin pigmentation, the origin, function, and production ability of melanin should be highly understood in terms of biological and pathophysiological aspects. Furthermore, a deep understanding of melanin synthesis will also contribute to cosmetics and drugs development. In this review, the processes of melanin biosynthesis, such as survival, proliferation, and differentiation of melanin cells, as well as the biological regulation of human pigmentation were described.