Metallurgy and Materials Engineering

В отходах пирометаллургического производства меди накоплено значительное количество отвальных шлаков. Даже при среднем содержании меди в них 0,30–0,80 %, видно, что потери металлы
составляет значительных. В этой связи задача создания  рациональной и комплексной технологии переработки шлаков и промпродуктов медного производства является весьма актуальной. В статье рассмотрен инновационный метод снижения потерь меди со шлаком. Для проведения этого исследования
использованы восстановительно-сульфидирующих комплексы (ВСК), состоящие из клинкеров цинкового производства и хвостов обогатительных фабрик АГМК. Полученные результаты  показывает, что внедрение данной технологии в промышленность позволит повысить комплексности использование сырья.

The study presents quantitative analysis of particle and grain size distributions in Al–Zn–Mg (7020) alloy subjected to a heat treatment. Microstructural analysis was done by the APHELION program. Some significant quantitative changes in the size and distribution of particles as a function of the heat treatment temperature were observed. The changes were related to the process of growth, dissolution, and precipitation of new, fine particles from the solid solution. The heat treatment was observed to have no effect on the grain size and on the size of the largest particles visible under an optical microscope.

Monel is an enigma. Poorly understood and grossly under-researched, the alloy has largely been ignored despite its importance in the first half of the twentieth century in the history of metallurgy and the moderne style. In exterior environments Monel’s weathered appearance is commonly misidentified as Bronze, while in interior contexts, it is regularly assumed as nickel silver. The break-up of the International Nickel Company has scattered historical and technical data, leading to an information vacuum that sees historic Monel painted, waxed, or lacquered, with no grasp of the potential impact on it. The first part of this published work covers the production and processes of the International Nickel Company, the dominance of the Creighton mine, the methods for ore separation and smelting in Ontario, Canada, and the subsequent refining in West Virginia, United States. Covering the impact of both world wars, demand and discoloration, it explains the background on this rare and underappreciated architectural “white metal.”

Rotary degassing is one of the most frequently used melt treatment technologies used for processing liquid aluminum alloys. Despite this, the information available about the possible effects of this method on the double oxide-and nitride film (bifilm) content, especially when using different purging gases, is quite limited. For this reason, in this study, the effects of multiple rotary degassing treatments conducted with N 2 and Ar purging gases on the bifilm quantity of a casting aluminum alloy were compared. The characterization of the melt quality was realized by the computed tomographic (CT) analysis of reduced pressure test (RPT) specimens, image analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the fracture surfaces of K-mold samples. Based on the results, by the application of Ar as a purging gas, relatively low bifilm content can be achieved. On the other hand, while the use of N 2 leads to the formation of numerous small-sized nitride bifilms, which significantly increased the pore number density inside the RPT specimens. This can be associated with the nitride formation by the chemical reaction between the liquid aluminum alloy and the N 2 purging gas bubbles during the degassing treatments.

Laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing is used for demanding applications in industries such as aerospace. However, machine-specific, optimized process conditions and parameters are required to assure consistent part quality. In addition, differences in supplied powder can cause variation in the mechanical properties of the final parts. In this paper, the variability in mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel produced with two different laser powder bed fusion machines from two different powder batches was studied by producing an identical set of tensile and impact toughness test specimens. The samples were subjected to stress-relieving, solution annealing and hot isostatic pressing to assess the effectiveness of standardized heat-treatments in reducing variation in the mechanical properties of the built parts. Porosity, microstructure, tensile properties, and impact toughness of the specimens were measured to study the effect of changing the material, machine, and heat treatment. The maximum differences observed between the studied machine-powder combinations were approximately 7% for tensile properties and approximately 20% for impact toughness. HIP reduced the variability in all other studied properties except elongation. All the specimens fulfil the minimum requirements set in ASTM F3184-16 for AM 316L.

Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Plant plans to increase copper production to 400 thousand tons by 2029. Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Combine (AGMK) plans to increase copper production to 400 thousand tons in 2020-2028, follows from the decree of the President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev of May 26. According to the document, the project for expanding the production of non-ferrous metals at AGMK is divided into two stages. In 2020-2025, the plant plans to build an open pit at the Yoshlik-I deposit, as well as a new copper-processing plant (MOF) with a processing capacity of 60 million tons of ore per year. According to the calculations of the plant, it is planned to build a factory of such capacity for the first time in the CIS. For its implementation at AGMK, similar productions were studied at copper quarries in Chile and Peru. As Gazeta.uz was informed at the plant, "the uniqueness of the new factory will be in the use of a rational scheme for the enrichment of minerals, which, among other things, will increase the production of molybdenum and gold". The resolution approved the proposal of the AMMC to attract the Russian Renaissance Heavy Industries (a subsidiary of the Turkish Ronesans Holding) for the construction of the MOF. Two contracts will be signed with the company-for the execution of engineering works and design until the end of 2020, as well as for the supply of equipment on a turnkey basis. The implementation of the first stage will make it possible to increase the output of copper at the plant to 290 thousand tons, gold-up to 38 tons, silver-up to 203 tons. In February of this year, during the visit of Shavkat Mirziyoyev to Turkey with Ronesans Holding, agreements were reached on the implementation of projects in metallurgy, medicine and real estate in Uzbekistan worth about $ 8 billion. In particular, the modernization of the AMMC provides for the attraction of funds for $ 4.1 billion. The second stage of the project (2022-2028) involves the expansion of the Yoshlik-I open pit capacity and the construction of another MPF, already the fourth at the AGMK, to process 50 million tons of ore per year. This will increase the production of cathode copper-up to 400 thousand tons per year, gold-up to 50 tons, silver-up to 270 tons.

As COVID-19 infections surge in Europe, I publish the letter below in the hope of facilitating the freer and more personally liberating discussion of the causes and "cures" of this disease that I believe the Getty Conservation Institute based "materials scientist" Dr. Ilaria Cianchetta and I agree is desirable if the most beneficial outcomes of science are to be assured.
The article also allows a "crystal twinning", tin cry comparison of the tragically deluded and deceased Jamaican "Crown Bishop" Kevin Smith's, my and others COVID-19 journeys and star treks.
Documents some of my academic challenges over the past year the article is labeled a "chronicle" but could just as easily be called an "oracle".
I certainly believe the allusion to the biblical books of Kings and Chronicles is a work of divine providence.
But it is not my intention to force this view on anyone.
Like the late Jamaican deejay chemist Toyan (Byron Letts), I am a scientist, first and foremost.
I am not a "thought policeman".

Исследование относится к переработке металлсодержащих отходов металлургического производства с использованием отходов вторичной переплавки алюминиевых материалов. Процесс осуществляется в шлаковой ковш при 1250 о С с получением бедного штейна и шлака. Это исследование позволит повысить интенсивность протекания процессов возгонки летучих металлов и восстановления железа и меди, повысить степень утилизации отходов металлургического производства. Ключевые слова: отходы металлургического производства, пирометаллургия, рециклинг, обеднение шлака.
Annotation. The study relates to the processing of metal-containing wastes of metallurgical production using wastes of aluminum producing plant. The process is carried out into the metallurgical ladle during 1250 о С with recovering depleted matte and slag. This study will increase the intensity of the processes of sublimation of flying metals and reduction of iron and copper, increase the degree of utilization of metallurgical waste.
Annotatsiya. Mazkur tadqiqot tarkibida metall saqlagan chiqindilarni alyuminiyli xomashyolarni ikkilamchi eritishdan olingan chiqindisi bilan birga qayta ishlab metall olish jarayoniga asoslangan. Jarayon metallurgik kovshlarda olib borilib harorat 1250 о С ni tashkil etadi va natijada metallga nisbatan kambag'allashgan shlak va shteyn olinadi. Ushbu tadqiqot haydash yo'li bilan olinadigan uchuvchan metallarni olish jarayonini jadallashtirishga va temir hamda misni tiklashga, metallurgiya chiqindilarini utilizatsiya qilish darajasini oshirishga yordam beradi. Kalit so'zlar: metallurgiya sanoati chiqindilari, pirometallurgiya, retsikling, shlakni kambag'allashtirish.

A non-equiatomic AlCoCr0.75Cu0.5FeNi alloy has been identified as a potential high strength alloy, whose microstructure and consequently properties can be widely varied. In this research, the phase structure, hardness, and magnetic properties of AlCoCr0.75Cu0.5FeNi alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) are investigated. The results demonstrate that laser power, scanning speed, and volumetric energy density (VED) contribute to different aspects in the formation of microstructure thus introducing alterations in the properties. Despite the different input parameters studied, all the as-built specimens exhibit the body-centered cubic (BCC) phase structure, with the homogeneous elemental distribution at the micron scale. A microhardness of up to 604.6 ± 6.8 HV0.05 is achieved owing to the rapidly solidified microstructure. Soft magnetic behavior is determined in all as-printed samples. The saturation magnetization (Ms) is dependent on the degree of spinodal decomposition, i.e., the higher degree of decomposition into A2 and B2 structure results in a larger Ms. The results introduce the possibility to control the degree of spinodal decomposition and thus the degree of magnetization by altering the input parameters of the LPBF process. The disclosed application potentiality of LPBF could benefit the development of new functional materials.

Due to their electronic structure the rare earth elements have
similar chemical behavior. As a result no chemical method
of separation was available and only physical methods were
used for separating their salts. Initially fractional crystallization
was the only method used by the pioneer researchers.
Later, ion exchange and solvent extraction were successfully
applied. The rare earths are neither rare nor they are earths.
The industry started in Vienna, Austria by Carl Auer von Welsbach
at the end of the 19th century to produce gas mantles
for lighting streets. It then prospered in new directions to become
essential for today’s high technology.

Author: Fathi Habashi, Department of Mining, Metallurgical, and Materials Engineering, Laval University

Information Contained in this work has been obtained by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers from sources believed to be reliable.
However neither ASME nor its authors or editors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published in this work. Neither ASME nor its authors and editors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of this information. The work is published with the understanding that ASME and its authors and editors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such engineering or professional services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.

Mixing of powders is a common industrial operation now days. Powders are often cohesive, many agglomerate spontaneously when exposed to humid atmosphere or elevated storage temperature. Agitation of the powder with different bulk densities may result in migration of smaller particles downwards and of larger ones upwards. Another major problem is a segregation whose main cause is the difference in particle size, density, shape and resilience generally seen in any ball milling operation. Static mixers (Kenics type) cannot serve this blending purpose thoroughly. So, There is the need of producing the apparatus having the combination of rotating, tumbling and shaking movements of a material in a container which has a closed and constrained invertible kinematic link-work of which at least one link serves as receptacle for the container; and motive power for driving the link work can be provided by imparting thrusting power, rather than the rotating power.

Brake pads are the most important components of an automobile braking system majorly for deceleration of vehicles by transforming the kinetic energy of the vehicle to heat energy. The performance of a brake pad depends on the frictional material that is used in its formulation. Carcinogenic nature of asbestos fibers in brake pad which is dangerous to human health makes its use no longer acceptable, and this has led to development of new asbestos-free friction materials for brake pads. This study focused on the production of brake pads using kenaf fiber composite that are eco-friendly following the powder metallurgy methods. The properties of the produced brake pads, such as comprehensive strength, wear rate, water absorption and flame resistance were tested to ascertain its suitability. The results from the tests confirm that the produced brake pads compared favorably with commercial brake pads.

Cartridge brass undergoes significant changes in mechanical properties as a result of cold work. These changes are effectively reversed in the annealing process returning the metal to its precold-worked state. The major goal of this study is to characterize how the variables of annealing time, temperature, and degree of cold work affect the physical properties of cartridge brass. Tensile tests, hardness tests, and metallographic examination are used in conjunction to assess mechanical and microstructural changes brought on by cold work and annealing. Results indicate that mechanical changes from cold work are more prominent during the first stages of cold work. The time to reach recrystallization is reduced in response to increases in annealing temperature as well as increasing cold deformation. The recrystallization temperature is reduced when time of anneal is increased or degree of cold work is increased. Therefore, recrystallization is driven by strain imposed on the metal during cold working and is a thermally activated process.

Corrosion induced failure of buried ferrous pipelines causes significant economic losses to the world. Many of the existing buried water pipelines are made of ductile iron in most of the developed countries. Literature shows that the research on the corrosion-induced degradation assessments of ductile iron pipelines is limited and mostly deals with the physical deterioration i. e., loss of wall thickness determined by short-term research. This paper addresses this gap and presents a comparatively long-term study on the corrosion and its subsequent effect on the composition and nanomechanical properties of buried ductile iron pipelines in the accelerated corrosive environment. For experimentation, ductile iron specimens were immersed in the acidic simulated soil solution for 365 days. Physical deterioration assessment over the time was carried out in terms of corrosion rates measured at intervals of 180 and 365 days. A significant change in the percentage composition of key elements and phases were quantified. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the grains were found to be considerably reduced after 365 days of immersion in the acidic environment by the nanoindentation technique. The results revealed an alarming increase of structural degradation at nano scale for some of the grains due to chloride induced localised corrosion. The significance of the current research is its in-depth analysis of the corrosion-induced degradation of ductile iron pipes which enhances the knowledge related to the failure of these pipelines.

(Follow for Follow - Enjoy your read!!)

Aquarius - The New Light Vesture,
Aquarius - The World Brotherhood of the Rosycross,
Aquarius - Mighty Signs of God's Counsel,
Aquarius - The Liberating Path of the Rosycross,
Aquarius - The New Caduceus,
Called by the World Heart,
Dei Gloria Intacta, The Christian Initiation Mystery,
Elementary Philosophy of the Modern Rosycross,
Gnosis Rays of Light Past and Present,
Gnostic-Christian initiation with the Cathars,
Letters,
Mysteries and Symbols of the Soul,
Mysteries of Birth, Life and Death,
Rosicrucians through the Ages,
Seven Voices Speak,
Spiritual Christmas,
Spiritual Easter and Pentecost, PDF
The Alchemical Wedding of Christian Rosycross
The Alchemical Wedding of Christian Rosycross
The Alchemy of J.K. Rowling
The Brotherhood of Shamballa,
The Chinese Gnosis,
The Coming New Man,
The Confession of the Rosicrucian Brotherhood,
The Egyptian Arch Gnosis
The Gnosis in Present Day Manifestation,
The Gnostic Mysteries of the Pistis Sophia,
The Grail and the Rosycross,
The Great Revolution,
The Golden Rosycross,
The Light Vesture of the New Man,
The Living Word, PDF
The Lost Brother, PDF
The Mystery of the Beatitudes,
The Seal of Renewal,
The Universal Path,
The Universal Remedy,
Transfiguration,
What is Transfiguration?
Work in Service of Humanity
Unmasking

CONTENTS (OUT OF ORDER BELOW WILL UPDATE SOON)

ESOTERIC ANALYSIS OF THE CHYMISCHE HOCHZEIT, PART I Introduction . .. ... . . . . ... . .. . . . . ..3 FIRST DAY The evening OF Easter
The letter of invitation .......................................... ..
C.R.C. realises his own unworthiness .................. ..
C.R.C. 's dream ..................................................... ..
The redeeming cord .............................................. ..
C.R.C. 's preparation for the journey ..................... .
13 19 27 33 43 49 SECOND DAY 7 The four roads . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
61 8 The encounter with the dove and the raven ....... .....
67 9 Stay away fr om here, you who are unworthy! . ......
77 I 0 The six lanterns . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 I I The temple of judgement (I) .............. .... ............. ... . 109 12 The temple of judgement (II) ................ .... ......... .... 118 13 The stream of the perfect number .......... ... ........ .. ... . 123 THIRD DAY 14 The balance and the judgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 131 15 The seven weights (I) .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 141 16 The seven weights (II) . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 146 17 The four roses ..... ... ... ............................. ............ ..... 153 18 The six sentences ................ ..... ....... ... .......... ....... ... . 159 19 The meals of judgement .. .................. .... ............ ..... 167 20 The place of judgement ...... ..... ..... ..... ... . ...... ... . .. ..... 177 21 The sentences are carried out (I) ............................
187 22 The sentences are carried out (II) ...... .... ........... .. .... 195 23 The unicorn, the lion and the dove . .. . .... ...... ..... .. . ...
203 24 The phoenix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . 21 0 25 Tbe eagle, the griffin and the falcon....................... 215 26 The astral criterion ................................................. 221 27 The royal library and the burial chamber .. ....... .. . ... 229 28 The clock and the globeThe need fo r astral PURIFATION  The inversely proportional polarisation The ten new powers of fulfilment

Методические указания составлены на основании типовых и рабочих программ по курсу «Теория гидрометаллургических процессов». Данное методическое указания написан на основе предмета "Теория  гидрометаллургических процессов" и содержит в своем составе текст лекций, практических занятий и других материалов. В нем рассматриваются такие темы как, общие сведения о термодинамике электролитных растворов, термодинамика простого выщелачивания, термодинамика процессов химического выщелачивания, кинетика и механизм процессов выщелачивания, методы ускорения процессов выщелачивания, кинетика и механизм процессов выщелачивания самородков, оксидов и сульфидов металлов, основы процессов экстракции, основы ионообменных процессов, а также основы выделения металлов и их соединений из водных растворов.

В статье приводятся основные этапы создания автогенных технологий переработки сульфидных медных концентратов. Показано, что внедрение автогенных технологий существенно интенсифицирует процессы, создается возможность работы без расхода внешнего углеводородного топлива,
обеспечить все необходимое тепло для металлургической плавки исключительно за счет экзотермических реакций. Показана роль кислорода, как основного компонента, обеспечивающего полноту и скорость физико-химических превращений компонентов шихты. Коротко приведены сведения о таких процессах как «Outokumpu», «JMCO», КФП и другие.

Dunyoda ishlab chiqariladigan misning 80 % miqdori pirometallurgik
usulga toʻgʻri keladi. Shu jumladan, Bizning mamlakatimizda ham mis eritish zavodida pirometallurgik usuldan keng foydalaniladi. Bu usul oʻzining qulayliklari bilan birgalikda bir qancha kamchiliklarga ham ega. Shulardan biri mis ishlab chiqarishda juda katta miqdorda chiqindi-shlaklarning hosil
boʻlishidir.

В Республике Узбекистан особое внимание уделяется горно-металлургической промышленности, разработки усовершенствованных технологий для переработки сульфидных упорных золотосодержащих руд. В пункте четыре четвертого направления Стратегии действий по дальнейшему развитию Республики Узбекистан «… Эффективные механизмы стимулирования научно-исследовательской и инновационной деятельности, применения научных и инновационных разработок…»1 поставлены важные задачи. В этом аспекте при повышении выхода ценных компонентов и интенсификации процесса имеет важное значение доизвлечение золото при переработке труднообогатимых упорных золотосодержащих руд и молибдена из молибденитовых кеков АО Алмалыкского горно металлургического комбината.

Maqolada xo'jalik chiqindilaridan toza kumushni ajratib olishning innovatsion usuli ko'rib chiqilgan. Bu tadqiqotni o'tkazish uchun har xil kumush saqlagan chiqindilaridan tarkib topgan va foydalanilmaydigan xo'jalik buyumlaridan foydalanildi. Olingan natijalar shuni ko'rsatadiki, bu texnologiyani kumush metallurgiyasida qo'llash toza kumush ajratib olish unumdorligini oshirishga imkon beradi.
В статье рассмотрен инновационный метод получения чистого металлического серебра из хозяйственных отходов. Для проведения этого исследования использованы различные неиспользуемые серебросодержащие хозяйственные изделия. Полученные результаты показывают, что внедрение данной технологии в металлургии серебра позволит повысить получение чистого серебра из хозяйственных отходов.
The innovation method of extraction of metallic silver from household's wastes has been shown in this article. For making research it has been used from different silver-bearing wastes of invalid household's things. According to taken results implementing this research on metallurgy of silver it will increase the coefficient of productivity of extraction of fresh silver from invalid household's wastes.

Multi-axial incremental forging and shearing (MAIFS), as a new severe plastic deformation technique, was successfully applied up to eight passes on the workpieces of commercially pure Al (AA1100). The microstructure evolutions and mechanisms of the grain refinement in the billets deformed through various passes of process were studied using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Microhardness measurements and tensile tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of the material after successive passes of the MAIFS process. Measured microhardness evolution indicated that while the distribution of hardness was non-uniform after odd-numbered passes up to four passes, but thereafter outstanding deformation homogeneity was achieved when the consecutive MAIFS passes were applied. Tensile tests indicated that yield stress and ultimate tensile strength increased rapidly during the primary pass of process but thereafter there was only a minor increase up to four passes. After that, a little drop could be observed in strength and then it reached to a saturated magnitude. Measured microhardness distribution values exhibited the same trend, viz. it increased through successive passes to a limiting value beyond which it showed a minor decline by disappearance of points having maximum hardness. Some coarsening was taken place and the dislocation walls between the boundaries were reduced significantly in going from four to six passes. It was suggested that the absorption of the dislocations into grain boundaries as an effective recovery process under large deformations and short-range migration of grain boundaries might be significant mechanisms responsible for the softening observed after four passes of process.

In this study, we investigated the influence of eggshell particulate reinforcement on the mechanical properties of metal matrix composite with aluminium alloy as the matrix. Majority of the production method involved the stir casting technique either mechanical or electrical, this is because ofthe majority of these authors aimed at producing a low-cost composite material. They identified that the frequency of turn when inculcating the particulate improved the overall distribution of particulate in the metal matrix. Also, the powder metallurgy route was studied so give more information about the matrix particulate interface.In terms of microstructure, authors discovered that a carburized ES created better interfacial bonds of reinforcement to the matrix, this had a positive influence on the overall mechanical properties of the composite compared to uncarburised ES particulate. Authors in this study also discovered that a 12% weight of reinforcement material was the optimum amount of reinforcement required to improve the mechanical properties of the material and a weight percentage less than 3% reduced the overall tensile properties of the composite compared to it matrix material.The mechanical and properties of the aluminium/ES composite revealed that introducing the ES particulate improved the overall mechanical properties of the composite, this includes the tensile strength and hardness values of the resulting composite with a significant decrease in density of the composite. Researchers also identified that the increase in tensile strength did not correspond with an increase in tensile strain, but they observed that the composite developed more brittle properties which were highlighted by its low impact strength.

Olmaliq kon-metallurgiya kombinati (OKMK) singari dunyoning aksariyat korxonalarida xomaki misni ishlab chiqarishning klassik
pirometallurgik sxemasi qoʻllaniladi. Bunga koʻra, sulfidli mis rudalari dastlab
flotatsion usulda boyitilib, tarkibida 16 – 20 % mis tutgan konsentrat olinadi.
Olingan misli konsentrat yuqori haroratda termik qayta ishlash maqsadida
metallurgik pechlarga yuklanadi. Metallurgik zavodlarda misli xomashyolarni qayta ishlashga moʻljallangan bir necha xil eritish pechlari mavjud. Ularga Yalligʻ qaytaruvchi, Kislorod-mashʼalali va Vanyukov kabi eritish pechlarini misol tariqasida keltirish mumkin. Bu eritish pechlarining ishlash prinsiplari har xil boʻlishiga qaramay olinadigan mahsulotlari bir-biriga oʻxshash boʻladi, yaʼni
mahsulot sifatida misli shteyn (30 – 50 % Cu), shlak va sanoat gazlari hosil boʻladi. Oraliq mahsulot – misli shteynni konvertorlash jarayoniga beriladi, u yerda havo kislorodi ishtirokida shteyn tarkibidagi keraksiz elementlarni oksidlantirish yoʻli bilan misni tozalab xomaki mis olinadi (96 – 98 % Cu). Soʻngra xomaki misni olovli tozalash jarayonida anod qoliplarga quyib
elektroliz jarayoniga yuboriladi va natijada yuqori sifatli misli katodlar olinadi
(99,99 % Cu).

Reliability centered maintenance (RCM) has a key role in the quality system of thermal power plants. Electricity production is definitely not only production of a product, but also becomes a customer service. Reliability is the top quality tier of this service. Incorporation in the Integrated energy system means fast transformations of organization on all levels. The reliability of modern generation components basically influences the efficiency and capacity of a power plant as a whole. This paper presents the results of RCM practice on Unit Two of The Thermal Power Plant ″Nikola Tesla -B″, 2x600 MW, Yugoslavia. RCM implementation on current problems during exploitation emphasized problems with the boiler tubing system. The methodological approach included outages analyses, marking of the most significant ones, determination of main causes of damage (determination of the material exhaustion state based on expert analyses), application of adequate remaining life assessment methodology and finally the recommendations. Based on these analyses, certain technical solutions were performed and as a result, the mean time between failures of the plant increased, as well as its reliability. According to cost efficiency, RCM methodology presented the most effective cost-benefit method for reliability upgrade.

The gas and dual purpose of the Migmate are almost the same and share 90+ % of their parts see diagram below. Gas version DP version The main area of visual difference is to the front panel, the gas version has a cable clamp to hold the captive earth return lead and a blanking plug, in the DP version the place of these two is taken by a pair of 10-25mm Dinse sockets, the sockets are connected to the choke output and the +ve plate of the rectifier. Gas version DP version Note: conversion will involve the opening of the machine, it should only be performed by electrically competent person.

Ushbu uslubiy ko‘rsatma 5310300 “Metallurgiya” yo‘nalishi bo‘yicha bakalavr tayyorlashda o‘qitiladigan “Gidrometallurgiya jarayonlari nazariyasi” fani dasturi asosida tuzilgan va kafedra majlisida tasdiqlangan. Laboratoriya ishlarini bajarish uchun uslubiy ko‘rsatma “Metallurgiya” yo‘nalishida ta’lim olayotgan bakalavriat talabalari uchun mo‘ljallangan bo‘lib, shuningdek, yo‘nalish magistrantlari o‘zlarining ilmiy-tadqiqot ishlari yuzasidan tajribalar o‘tkazishda foydalanishlari mumkin.

The monograph presents theoretical approaches and concepts, analytical reviews, practical solutions in specific areas of metallurgy.
The publication may be interesting to Uzbek and foreign scientists, managers and specialists of factories and metallurgical organizations, engineers, technologists, teachers, masters and students of higher educational institutions.
Responsibility for the authenticity and accuracy of citations, names, titles and other information, as well as for compliance with intellectual property laws lies with the authors of published materials.

Uslubiy qo‘llanmada gidrometallurgiya jarayonlarining nazariy asoslariga tayangan holda bu jarayonlarda uchraydigan kimyoviy hamda termokimyoviy qonuniyatlar asosida ma’ruzalar matni ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan. Muhim gidrometallurgik jarayonlar: eritmalarda uchraydigan qonuniyatlar, moddalarning ionlarga parchalanishi, tanlab eritish jarayonlarining asosiy termodinamik ko‘rsatkichlari, аsosiy va keng tarqalgan gidrometallurgik jarayonlarning mexanizmi va kinetikasining ajralib turadigan xossalari keltirilgan bo‘lib, jarayonlarni intensivlashtirishning asosiy yo‘llari bayon etilgan.

In this study mild steel is selected as specimen for testing various mechanical properties. The effects of heat treatment (annealing, hardening, and tempering) on the mechanical properties of selected specimen are analyzed. Annealing, hardening and tempering are the most important heat treatment processes often used to change mechanical properties of engineering materials .The purpose of heat treating is to analyze the mechanical properties of iron, usually ductility, hardness, Yield strength, tensile strength and impact resistance. The heat treatment develops hardness, softness, and improves the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, ductility, corrosion resistance and creep rupture. These processes also help to improve machining effect, and make them versatile. Samples of malleable iron are examined after heating at 9000C and quenched in oil. The mechanical behavior of the samples is investigated using universal tensile testing machine for tensile test, compression test and Rockwell hardness tester for hardness testing. Samples revealed that with increasing temper temperatures: (a) hardness first increases to a maximum and then gradually decreases; (b) yield strength first decreases, then increases, and then increases again; (c) ultimate strength first increases to a maximum and then steadily decreases; and (d) ductility (% elongation) gradually decreases till 600ºC, and then increases rather sharply. The mechanical properties can easily be modified by heat treating to suit a particular design purpose. In the present study, selected samples are heat-treated at different temperature above the austenitic region and quenched followed by tempering in order to investigate the effect of different tempering temperature on the mechanical properties of iron. The changes in mechanical behavior as compared with unquenched samples are explained in terms of changes in tensile strength. Tensile test specimens are produced from malleable iron which is subjected to various forms of heat treatment processes like annealing, hardening and tempering. Results showed that the mechanical properties of malleable iron can be changed and improved by various heat treatments for a particular application. Results showed that the mechanical properties can be changed and improved by various heat treatments for a particular application. It was also found that the annealed samples with mainly ferrite structure gave the lowest tensile strength and hardness value and highest ductility value while hardened sample which comprise marten site gave the highest tensile strength and hardness value and lowest ductility value.

Hidrometalurgi merupakan salah satu cabang tersendiri dari metalurgi. Secara harfiah hidrometalurgi dapat diartikan sebagai cara pengolahan logam dari batuan atau bijihnya dengan menggunakan pelarut berair (aqueius solution) atau secara detailnya proses hidrometalurgi adalah suatu proses yang menggunakan pemakaian suatu zat kimia yang cair untuk dapat melarutkan suatu partikel tertentu. Hidrometalurgi merupakan proses ekstraksi yang meliputi pemurnian dan daur ulang logam dengan menggunakan larutan aqueous pada temperature dibawah 200°. Reaksi kimia yang dipilih biasanya sangat selektif, artinya hanya logam yang diinginkan saja yang akan bereaksi (larut) dan kemudian dipisahkan dari material yang tidak diinginkan. Pelarut yang digunakan dalam pengolahan hidrometalurgi dapat berupa asam atau senyawa kompleks. Pelindian merupakan proses pelarutan selektif logam berharhga yang diinginkan dari bijih atau konsentrat dan memisahkannya dari mineral mineral pengotor menggunakan larutan aqueous, baik asam, basa maupun garam. Reduktan organik adalah hal yang sangat penting dalam proses ini. Reduktan organik adalah hal yang sangat penting dalam proses ini. Reduktan yang dipilih diusahakan tidak berbahaya bagi lingkungan, baik reduktan itu sendiri maupun produk hasil oksidasinya. Proses ekstarksi bijih nikel biasanya tidak dilakukan proses konsentrasi terlebih dahulu karena tidak ada NiO pada bijih yang terliberasi sempurna dan tidak ada NiO yang independen dalam bijih. NiO pada bijih sifatnya selalu berikatan dengan mineral lainnya sehingga akan sangat sulit jika dilakukan proses konsentrasi atau bisa disebut sebagai benefisiasi bijih. MHP adalah produk dalam pengolahan nikel laterite menggunakan proses hidrometalurgi.

Originally fabricated and erected 1 600 years ago at Udayagiri near the present-day city of Bhopal in central India, the pillar was relocated to the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque in Delhi’s Qutub Minar Complex approximately seven centuries ago. Constructed of rubble from earlier Hindu temples and now designated a World Heritage Site by the United Nations, the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque is the first mosque built on the Indian subcontinent. The approximately six-tonne pillar was constructed during the Gupta Period (from A.D. 320 to 600), which is considered the golden age of Indian history. The Iron Pillar is considered a major artifact the world over. Historians and archeologists consider the pillar to be a very important object of Indian history.But is it Indian or made by ancient aliens who visited the planet Earth? Read to find out