Military Cooperation

As Azerbaijan did not have any armed forces of its own during the Soviet Union period, it has attempted to establish a national army after gaining its independence in 1991, and once its territories occupied by the Armenians, Azerbaijan requested aid from Turkey to establish and develop the Azerbaijani Army.
Through the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) personnel who were assigned pursuant to “Military Training Cooperation Agreement” that was signed in Ankara on 11 August 1992, and within the framework of establishing, training and improving the Azerbaijan Army, activities such as military training, cooperation and logistic support were initiated. On the other hand, Azerbaijani students sent off to the TAF military academies for education.
In this article, the military relations of Azerbaijan with NATO after gaining its independence, was evaluated in the framework of bilateral military relations with Turkey.

Азербайджанская армия стала сильней армией в  своём регионе с помощью военного обучения, сотрудничества и координации, которые продолжаются с 1992ого года, с Турецкой  армией и приняла систему NATO как главная система. В этой статье, отношение с NATO после независимости, исследуется в рамках военного отношения с Турции.

In this article, the development of military relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan was evaluated in the framework of “Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support Agreement (SPMSA)” signed on 16 August 2010 and the process leading to the partnership agreement and the effects of the agreement on cooperation are examined together with the agreement text.

For many generations British historians have decried the conduct of the Dutch troops at the battle of Waterloo as cowardly, an accusation which Dutch and Belgian historians, in their turn, have tried time and again to refute. This accusation of cowardice results from the exclusive and uncritical use a chauvinistic British historiography made of compatriotic eyewitness accounts. The slighting assessments of the Dutch military they contain, in most cases, derive from misinterpretation: the smoke and noise, the chaos and danger of battle precluded an objective appraisal of each other’s combat performance. Miscommunication further enhanced this negative opinion. Since the occasional allies of Waterloo were not allowed time to get to know and appreciate one another, they were unfamiliar with each other’s language, uniforms, and command structure. Nonetheless, the British were certainly acquainted with fighting side by side with foreign troops, and they were more than willing, if applicable, to appraise their professionalism. As this common battle experience was lacking at Waterloo, historical prejudices could easily prevail.

Bu makalede Azerbaycan’ın bağımsızlığını kazanmasından sonra Türkiye ile olan askeri münasebetleri ve işbirliği faaliyetlerinin gelişimi, yapılan karşılıklı ziyaretler, icra edilen toplantılar ve imzalanan anlaşmalar çerçevesinde ele alınmış, işbirliği faaliyetlerinin mevcut durumu ortaya konmuş, iki ülke askeri işbirliği faaliyetlerinin gelecekteki muhtemel seyrine dair beklentiler ve yorumlara yer verilerek değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur.

In this article, the development of military relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan, after the latter gained its independence, was evaluated in the framework of bilateral visits, meetings and signed agreements, as well as the current situation of the bilateral cooperation, the expectations and comments on the two countries’ military relations future course.

The security of Europe has been evolving in the last decade, causing the verification of national defence policies. Being members of the European Union but not NATO, Sweden and Finland are revising their defence policies to face complex threats. Their geographical proximity is one factor causing their close military cooperation, supported by building-up their national military and civilian capabilities to deter potential threat from Russia and face hybrid challenges. The progress is visible, especially over the last decade. They are not disregarding closing ranks with other Nordic countries, NATO and specifically the US recognising that a joint effort with those nations and organisations, sharing the same values and facing similar threats, is foundation of their security. The paper utilises the qualitative research approach using a case study, desk research, analysis, and synthesis as methods.

Haydar Aliyev Dönemi Azerbaycan Türkiye Askeri İşbirliği 1993-2003
Bu məqalədə Azərbaycanın müstəqillik əldə etdikdən sonra  Ulu öndər Heydər Əliyevin hakimiyyəti  dövründə Türkiyə ilə olan hərbi münasibətlər və əməkdaşlığın necə inkişaf etdirildiyi, qarşılıqlı keçirilən görüşlər, iclaslar və imzalanan sazişlər çərçivəsində nəzərdən keçirilmiş, bu dövrün qiymətləndirilməsi aparılmışdır.

In this article, the development of military relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan, after the latter gained its independence, was evaluated in the framework of bilateral visits, meetings and signed agreement and comments made on the Haydar ALİYEV period.

Аннотация: цель данного исследования состоит в анализе и оценках современных поли-тических процессов африканских стран, их позиции по ключевым международным проблемам, а также роли в обеспечении мировой экономики природным сырьем. Африканские страны уча-ствуют в мировых политических и экономических процессах, а их лидеры все чаще выступают с трибуны Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН, отстаивая свои интересы. Наметилась активизация африканских государств и в других международных организациях. Используя методы ивент-анализа, сравнительной политологии, а также анализа и синтеза, автор показывает, что афри-канские страны играют важную роль в ресурсном обеспечении стратегических и инновацион-ных технологий Европы, Америки и стран Востока. В работе отражено взаимодействие России и Африки. Российское содействие осуществляется в русле общих усилий международного со-общества по обеспечению международной безопасности и устойчивому развитию стран с от-сталой экономикой и низким социальным уровнем. Автор приходит к выводу о необходимости расширения многовекторного сотрудничества с африканскими странами для раскрытия по-тенциальных возможностей участников политического процесса. Ключевые слова: Африка, Россия, политический процесс, международные отношения, военное сотрудничество, полезные ископаемые, ООН, миротворчество. Abstract: The purpose of the research consists in analysis and evaluation of modern political processes of African countries, their stances on key international issues and their role in providing the world economy with natural resources. The African countries are taking part in world political and economic processes and the countries leaders are more frequently making speeches in the UN General Assembly, defending the interests of their nations. It looks like African countries are becoming more active in other international organizations as well. With the help of event-analysis, comparative political science as well as analysis and synthesis it has been demonstrated that the countries of Africa play an important role in resources supply for strategic and innovative technologies of Europe, America and Oriental countries.The cooperation of Russia and Africa is reflected in this work. Russian assistance is rendered in the course of joint efforts of international community towards the provision of international security and sustainable development of socially and economically underdeveloped countries. The author draws a conclusion that it is indispensable to extend diversified cooperation in order to unleash the potential opportunities for members of political process. в Организации по запрещению химического оружия (ОЗХО), где под давлением группы западных стран была предпринята попытка на-делить Технический секретариат ОЗХО исключительными полномо-чиями СБ ООН по определению виновных в применении химических веществ. Не стал исключением и Совет Европы: в нарушение за-крепленного в его Уставе принципа равноправия всех стран-членов группа депутатов из Парламентской ассамблеи инициировала ли-шение России полномочий в этой структуре. Под угрозой находятся фундаментальные международные соглашения в сфере нераспро-странения-Совместный всеобъемлющий план действий по иран-ской ядерной программе. Это лишь наиболее яркие примеры ловкого применения запад-ными правительствами выдуманной ими концепции «миропорядка для нашего времени». Всё, что нарушает принцип универсальности, подрывает легитимность и эффективность соответствующих между-народных структур и инструментов. Односторонние действия одних вынуждают к одностороннему реагированию других. Кто от этого выиграет? Вот почему большинство стран отвергают этот закамуф-лированный диктат, продолжая верить в незаменимость механиз-мов действующей системы международных отношений, основанной на положениях международного права. Существующие в современ-ном мире конфликты и противоречия возможно урегулировать толь-ко с опорой на неукоснительное соблюдение универсальных между-народно-правовых норм, отсутствие которых уже дорого обошлось человечеству в прошлом веке.

Bu makalede Azerbaycan-Türkiye askeri münasebetleri ve işbirliği faaliyetleri, iki ülke arasında 2010 yılında imzalanan ve işbirliğinde yeni bir sürece girilmesini sağlayan "STRATEJİK ORTAKLIK VE KARŞILIKLI YARDIM ANLAŞMASI" çerçevesinde ele alınmış, ortaklık anlaşmasına giden süreç ve anlaşmanın işbirliğine olan etkileri anlaşma metni ile birlikte incelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, Azerbaycan, askeri işbirliği, askeri anlaşmalar, stratejik ortaklık.
In this article, the development of military relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan was evaluated in the framework of "Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support Agreement" signed on 16 August 2010 and the process leading to the partnership agreement and the effects of the agreement on cooperation are examined together with the agreement text.

As Azerbaijan did not have any armed forces of its own during the Soviet Union period, it has attempted to establish a national army after gaining its independence in 1991, and once its territories occupied by the Armenians, Azerbaijan requested from Turkey to establish and develop an Azerbaijani Army. Through the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) personnel who were assigned pursuant to "Military Training Cooperation Agreement" that was signed in Ankara on 11 August 1992, and within the framework of establishing, training and improving the Azerbaijan Army, activities such as military training, cooperation and logistic support were initiated. On the other hand, Azerbaijani students sent off to the TAF military academies for education. With the contributions of joint military training, cooperation, and coordination activities held with Turkey over twenty years, the Azerbaijani Army has become capable of self-help, a strong force in the region and a modern army today. In this article, the development of military relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan, after the latter gained its independence, was evaluated in the framework of bilateral visits, meetings, and signed agreements, as well as the current situation of the bilateral cooperation, the expectations, and comments on the two countries' military relations future course.

Abstract: The aim of present study is to provide a concise review of Serbia’s military neutrality, both the conditions of its “genesis” in 2007 and its “operationalization” in form of strategic documents and military cooperation during the period of Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) government (2012-2021), with special emphasis on the presidency of Aleksandar Vučić (2017-2021). The paper concluded that the “genesis” and maintenance of Serbian neutrality is due to both internal political considerations, as well as Serbian diplomatic exigencies with regards to the unresolved status of Kosovo. The long-term sustainability of Serbian neutrality policy, however, cannot be taken for granted. The delicate „balancing act” between the West, Russia, and increasingly, China, might not be sustainable in the future if relations between the West (and in particular, the EU) and China or Russia, deteriorate further, or when Serbia’s EU accession process enters its „final stretch”.

Kharuk A. 2020. Bronić Międzymorza: współpraca wojskowa i wojskowo-techniczna pomiędzy Ukrainą i Polską. Mare Integrans. Studia nad dziejami wybrzeży Morza Bałtyckiego. Tom XV. Bałtyk w dziejach ludów Morza Bałtyckiego. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Р. 316-326.

Tras la debacle de Afganistán, resulta imprescindible reevaluar el modelo de cooperación que EE.UU. y sus aliados europeos estan desarrollando con sus socios en Oriente Medio, África y América Latina. Este "paper" analiza una serie de fallos claves de los actuales programas de asistencia de seguridad y trata de explicar porque, en ciertas ocasiones, los esfuerzos para apoyar la construcción de aparatos militares efectivos han sido más efectivos cuando se han orientado hacia minorias etnicas como los insurgentes kurdos en lugar de estados fragiles o colapsados.

Russia has many tools, which she use to implement her foreign policy. Putin is an extremely experienced player, what we can observe on example of reconstruction of relations with Japan, which can bring a completely new deal in Asian politics, as well as cool diplomatic attitude toward North Korea. Nevertheless, bigger presure puted on actions in Asia, meaning focusing USA attention away from Eastern Europe, where many interesting things take place, including Zapad-2017. The aim of my  short commentary, published on the Central-European Institute of Research and Strategic Analysis page http://cirsa.pl/?p=411&lang=en is to discuss and exchange the opitions.

The article explores the peacekeeping activities of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia and the characteristics of their activities on the African continent. The paper examines the African peacekeeping missions carried out by Visegrád countries. The study uses comparative scientific literature and analysis of statements released by these governments and other papers and studies related to the African peacekeeping missions. In addition, I used my own experience from my previous African peacekeeping/peace support missions, and the lessons learned from other African operations published in my previous book about Hungarian peacekeeping missions. In summary, of the Visegrád states with differing levels of training and equipment, Poland was the most active in peace operations in Africa and in the lead, followed by the Czech Republic and Hungary, while Slovakia was the least involved in the African continent. This trend is, moreover, in line with the involvement of the above countries in Africa to date. Although these states cooperate in several areas, this is not the case for African peace operations, although cooperation in this area would be important. The research examines the background to the activities of the V4 countries in peace operations in Africa. The study is particularly important in view of the fact that, for a number of reasons (migration, terrorism), the V4 countries are preparing for greater engagement in Africa, one area of which is peace-support operations.

Relations between Colombia and the United States have been simultaneously complex and peculiar. Bogotá has been a traditional ally of Washington’s with respect to international law, democracy, and multilateralism, and the international order promoted by the United States after 1945. However, both Colombia’s internal conflicts and its drug-related problems have affected that country’s image since the 1950s. This has also limited bilateral relations and has facilitated the prioritization of U.S. military and social aid (via Plan Colombia) toward the defeat of the insurgency—and even more so after the 9/11 attacks, which resulted in the two countries growing closer due to the mutual sympathy between Presidents Uribe and Bush.