Modified citrus pectin

Context: Colon cancer is a serious disease that can be hereditary or arise from exposure to carcinogens in unhealthy food. Current chemotherapy treatment has serious cardiovascular adverse effects, is not always effective, and there may be resistance to treatment. Recently, studies have found an optimal anticancer activity of modified pectins on colon cancer. Aims: To systematically review the scientific literature, with PRISMA guidelines, of the articles found in the last 11 years, on the potential anticancer effects of pectins on colon cancer. Methods: PRISMA and Rayyan were used for the selection of studies and a standardized search was followed in four databases with the terms: modified pectins, cancer, therapy. Data extraction was performed using Excel and relevant information on anticancer activity was collected. Results: In total, 16 articles were included, finding seven in vitro, three mixed and six in vivo studies. The anticancer activity and optimization of the formulation, encapsulation, release of pectin-based drugs were evaluated by different methods in 12 and six articles, respectively. Most of the studies were classified as high quality with the AXIS tool. Furthermore, 11 out of 12 articles showed positive effects of modified pectins on colon cancer both in vivo and in vitro and six out of six articles found positive effects on pectin-based formulations. Conclusions: The evidence found suggests a beneficial effect of modified pectins on colon cancer, however, more in vivo studies are required.

The  present  investigation  concerns  with  the  development,
optimization  and  evaluation  of  an  enteric  coated  tablets  of
Erythromycin  stearate.  Tablets  were  prepared  by  wet  granulation
method. Enteric coating of  Erythromycin stearate tablets were done
using  two  hydrophilic  polymers  like  ethyl  cellulose  and  pectin  by
multivariate ANOVA method by alternating the 2 variables X and Y
in rows and columns.  Polyethylene glycol was used as a plasticizer
while Isopropyl alcohol & water was incorporated as a solvent. The
effects of polymers and Isopropyl alcohol as a binder on drug release
profile, gastro-resistant properties and matrix integrity of tablet were
investigated.  Developed  formulations  were  evaluated  for  their
physical  characteristics,  drug  content,  disintegration  time,  friability,
hardness,  thickness,  swelling  index,  weight  variation,  In  vitro  drug
release  profile  etc.  On  the  basis  of  various  physical  characteristics
parameters, it was found that all the formulat ions shows good result.
On  comparative  kinetic  modeling  study  such  as  (Zero  order,  First
order,  Higuchi  model  and  Korsmeyer-Peppas)  it  was  found  that  all
the  formulations  follow  Higuchi  model  and  correlation  coefficient
(R
2
)  values  were  nearer  to  unity.  Among  those  formulations,  F4
showed  R
2
value  of  Higuchi  model  more  near  as  compared  to  the
other formulation.

Citrus contains a range of highly beneficial bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins that show antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and help in building the body's immune system. On consumption or processing, approximately 50% of the fruit remains as inedible waste, which includes peels, seeds, pulp, and segment residues. This waste still consists of substantial quantities of bioactive compounds that cause environmental pollution and are harmful to the ecosystem because of their high biological oxygen demand. In recent years, citrus cultivation and the production of processed foods have become a major agricultural industry. In addition to being a substantial source of economy, it is an ideal and sustainable and renewable resource for obtaining bioactive compounds and co-products for food and pharmaceutical industries. In the present article, the various methods of extraction, conventional and modern, as well as separation and isolation of individual bioactive compounds from the extraction mixture and their determination have been reviewed. This article presents both aspects of extraction methods, i.e., on a small laboratory scale and on an industrial mass scale. These methods and techniques have been extensively and critically reviewed with anticipated future perspectives towards the maximum utilization of the citrus waste.

Orange and lemon peels were used for obtaining pectic polysaccharides. Citrus peels were previously treated with 96% ethanol, and the obtained alcohol-insoluble solids (AIS) were subjected to a sequential extraction with hot distilled water and hot 0.5% HCl. Water- and acid-extracted orange (WEOP and AEOP) and lemon (WELP and AELP) pectins were obtained. Acid extraction gave higher yields of pectin than water extraction and lemon peels were richer in pectin. Comparative investigations were carried out with chromatographically purified commercial citrus pectin (CPCP). Chemical and physicochemical characterization of all pectins was accomplished. It was found that pectins were similar in anhydrouronic acid content (AUАC, 69-81%), but differed in their degree of methylesterification (DM, 55-81%). Generally water-extracted pectins were with higher DM. Both orange pectins were with higher DM and degree of acetylation (DA, 2%), in comparison with the corresponding lemon pectins. Water-extracted pectins were with higher degree of feruloylation (DF, 0.12-0.34%). To our knowledge this is the first report on the estimation of ester-linked ferulic acid in orange and lemon peel pectins. Pectic polysaccharides differed in molecular weight and homogeneity. WELP was with the highest molecular weight and homogeneity. The pectins contained D-galacturonic and D-glucuronic acids, L-arabinose, D-galactose, L-fucose, L-rhamnose and D-xylose. All investigated pectins showed immunostimulating activity by complement activation in the classical pathway at 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL. Pectic polysaccharides were modified with endopolygalacturonase. Enzyme-modified CPCP and WEOP had higher anti-complementary activity than the corresponding initial pectins.

Citrus contains a range of highly beneficial bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins that show antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and help in building the body’s immune system. On consumption or processing, approximately 50% of the fruit remains as inedible waste, which includes peels, seeds, pulp, and segment residues. This waste still consists of substantial quantities of bioactive compounds that cause environmental pollution and are harmful to the ecosystem because of their high biological oxygen demand. In recent years, citrus cultivation and the production of processed foods have become a major agricultural industry. In addition to being a substantial source of economy, it is an ideal and sustainable and renewable resource for obtaining bioactive compounds and co-products for food and pharmaceutical industries. In the present article, the various methods of extraction, conventional and modern, as well as separation and isolation of individual b...

Context: Colon cancer is a serious disease that can be hereditary or arise from exposure to carcinogens in unhealthy food. Current chemotherapy treatment has serious cardiovascular adverse effects, is not always effective, and there may be resistance to treatment. Recently, studies have found an optimal anticancer activity of modified pectins on colon cancer. Aims: To systematically review the scientific literature, with PRISMA guidelines, of the articles found in the last 11 years, on the potential anticancer effects of pectins on colon cancer. Methods: PRISMA and Rayyan were used for the selection of studies and a standardized search was followed in four databases with the terms: modified pectins, cancer, therapy. Data extraction was performed using Excel and relevant information on anticancer activity was collected. Results: In total, 16 articles were included, finding seven in vitro, three mixed and six in vivo studies. The anticancer activity and optimization of the formulation, encapsulation, release of pectin-based drugs were evaluated by different methods in 12 and six articles, respectively. Most of the studies were classified as high quality with the AXIS tool. Furthermore, 11 out of 12 articles showed positive effects of modified pectins on colon cancer both in vivo and in vitro and six out of six articles found positive effects on pectin-based formulations. Conclusions: The evidence found suggests a beneficial effect of modified pectins on colon cancer, however, more in vivo studies are required.