NIRS

There is uncertainty on how generally applicable near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations are across genotypes and environments, and this study tests how well a single calibration performs across a wide range of conditions. We also address the optimization of NIRS to perform the analysis of crude protein (CP) content in a variety of cowpea accessions (n = 561) representing genotypic variation as well as grown in a wide range of environmental conditions in Tanzania and Uganda. The samples were submitted to NIRS analysis and a predictive calibration model developed. A modified partial leastsquares regression with cross-validation was used to evaluate the models and identify possible spectral outliers. Calibration statistics for CP suggests that NIRS can predict this parameter in a wide range of cowpea leaves from different agro-ecological zones of eastern Africa with high accuracy (R 2 cal = 0.93; standard error of cross-validation = 0.74). NIRS analysis improved when a calibration set was developed from samples selected to represent the range of spectral variability. We conclude from the present results that this technique is a good alternative to chemical analysis for the determination of CP contents in leaf samples from cowpea in the African context, as one of the main advantages of NIRS is the large number of compounds that can be measured at once in the same sample, thus substantially reducing the cost per analysis. The current model is applicable in predicting the CP content of young cowpea leaves for human nutrition from different agro-ecological zones and genetic materials, as cowpea leaves are one of the popular vegetables in the region.

The present study is designed to determine the types of secondary metabolites in three selected seed powders by fast, reliable, and non-destructive Near Infra Red spectroscopic analytical technique. NIRS analysis of Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc., Phaseolus lunatus Linn., and Phaseolus vulgaris Linn., seed flours were done for qualitative evaluation of secondary metabolites. The fine powder of crude drug was directly applied in FOSS XDS near infrared Rapid Content Analyzer. The properly filled powdered sample in a disposable glass silicate vial and closed with plastic lid was centrally placed onto the sample presentation glass of Foss Rapid Content Analyzer. The scanning of sample at ambient temperature gives NIR spectra within 30 seconds. The major proposed compounds in M. uniflorum were 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, kaempferol, linolenic acid, niacin, quercetin, sinapinic acid, syringic acid, and vanillic acid. Whereas, coumaric acid, fructose, galactose, L-serine, raffinose, stachyose, sucrose, threonine, and tyrosine were detected in P. lunatus and the NIR suggested the presence of caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapinic acid, phytic acid, leucine, and valine in P. vulgaris. NIRS as an advance innovative technology extensively used in chemical, food, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries for rapid and reliable standardization. The present study revealed a good correlation to conclude that flour samples of all the three legume seeds could potentially be added to food system to achieve nutritional and functional benefits.

The global citrus industry is continually confronted by new technological challenges to meet the everincreasing consumer awareness and demand for qualityassured fruit. To face these challenges, recent trend in agribusiness is declining reliance on subjective assessment of quality and increasing adoption of objective, quantitative and non-destructive techniques of quality assessment. Nondestructive instrument-based methods are preferred to destructive techniques because they allow the measurement and analysis of individual fruit, reduce waste and permit repeated measures on the same item over time. A wide range of objective instruments for sensing and measuring the quality attributes of fresh produce have been reported. Among non-destructive quality assessment techniques, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (NIRS) is arguably the most advanced with regard to instrumentation, applications, accessories and chemometric software packages. This paper reviews research progress on NIRS applications in internal and external quality measurement of citrus fruit, including the selection of NIR characteristics for spectra capture, analysis and interpretation. A brief overview on the fundamental theory, history, chemometrics of NIRS including spectral pre-processing methods, model calibration, validation and robustness is included. Finally, future prospects for NIRS-based imaging systems such as multispectral and hyperspectral imaging as well as optical coherence tomography as potential non-destructive techniques for citrus quality assessment are explored.

The use of diffuse reflectance visible and near infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy was explored as a nondestructive technique to predict 'Nules Clementine' mandarin fruit susceptibility to rind breakdown (RBD) disorder by detecting rind physico-chemical properties of 80 intact fruit harvested from different canopy positions. Vis/NIR spectra were obtained using a LabSpec ® spectrophotometer. Reference physicochemical data of the fruit were obtained after 8 weeks of storage at 8 • C using conventional methods and included RBD, hue angle, colour index, mass loss, rind dry matter, as well as carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, fructose, total carbohydrates), and total phenolic acid concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to analyse spectral data to identify clusters in the PCA score plots and outliers. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was applied to spectral data after PCA to develop prediction models for each quality attribute. The spectra were subjected to a test set validation by dividing the data into calibration (n = 48) and test validation (n = 32) sets. An extra set of 40 fruit harvested from a different part of the orchard was used for external validation. PLS-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were developed to sort fruit based on canopy position and RBD susceptibility. Fruit position within the canopy had a significant influence on rind biochemical properties. Outside fruit had higher rind carbohydrates, phenolic acids and dry matter content and lower RBD index than inside fruit. The data distribution in the PCA and PLS-DA models displayed four clusters that could easily be identified. These clusters allowed distinction between fruit from different preharvest treatments. NIR calibration and validation results demonstrated that colour index, dry matter, total carbohydrates and mass loss were predicted with significant accuracy, with residual predictive deviation (RPD) for prediction of 3.83, 3.58, 3.15 and 2.61, respectively. The good correlation between spectral information and carbohydrate content demonstrated the potential of Vis/NIR as a non-destructive tool to predict fruit susceptibility to RBD. manifested during harvest or grading in the packhouse but develop about 3-5 weeks after harvest. RBD is initially manifested on the equatorial plane as small, irregular, slightly sunken and colourless patches of about 3-6 mm in diameter scattered about the flavedo (the outer-most, pigmented part of citrus rind) of the fruit . These sunken areas, occurring directly above and among the oil glands of the flavedo, coalesce producing larger affected areas, turning reddish-brown to dark-brown, become dry and necrotic in the severe stages of the disorder with extended storage period ). According to , browning of the affected rind surface appears to be the result of oxidative processes.

Studying soil nematofauna provides useful information on soil status and functioning but requires high taxonomic expertise. Near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy (NIRS) has been reported to allow fast and inexpensive determination of numerous soil attributes. Thus the present study aimed at assessing the potential of NIRS for determining the abundance and diversity of soil nematodes in a set of 103 clayey topsoil samples collected in 2005 and 2006 from agricultural soils in the highlands of Madagascar.

Keskin M, Y Soysal, A Arslan, YE Sekerli, N Celiktas. 2018. Predicting Drying Temperature of Infrared-Dried Pepper Powders Using FT-NIRS and Chromameter. International Conference on Energy Research (ENRES2018), 1-2 November 2018, Alanya, Turkey, Proceedings Book, pp.305-319. ............ ............. .............. .............. ............. .......... .......... ............ .............. ............ ............. ............. ............... ............ ..........
Abstract: Higher drying temperatures result in quality degradations in dried agricultural products. Moreover, it is difficult to separate the food products dried by different methods and drying temperatures with naked eyes. Pepper is gaining importance as a food, medicinal and industrial crop. No study was found on the determination of drying temperature of dried pepper powders. Thus, this study aimed to predict the drying temperature of powdered green-stage and red-stage peppers dried by infrared (IR) radiation at different drying temperatures (50, 60 and 70°C) using a hand-held chromameter and FT-NIRS system. Both color and NIR data were analyzed using PLS (Partial Least Square) regression method. It was found that the drying temperature was a crucial factor on the color (L*a*b, L*C*h) and NIR reflectance of the dried pepper powders. The total color difference (ΔE*) values were lower at higher drying temperatures for both green-stage and red-stage pepper samples. Very high correlation (up to r = 0.98) was obtained between drying temperatures and the color parameters. Results revealed that the drying temperature can be predicted both from color (R2=0.99; SEP: 1.06°C) and NIR data (R2=0.99; SEP: 1.37°C). Both the chromameter and FT-NIRS performed quite well for the estimation of the drying temperature. Also, a mathematical model was developed to predict the drying temperature from color data. The hand-held chromameter has an advantage of being inexpensive, portable and practical. ........... ............. .............. .............. ............. .......... .......... ............ .............. ............
Özet: Yüksek kuruma sıcaklıkları kurutulmuş tarım ürünlerinde kalite bozulmalarına neden olmaktadır. Ayrıca, farklı yöntemlerle ve kurutma sıcaklıklarıyla kurutulmuş gıda ürünlerini çıplak gözle ayırmak zordur. Biber gıda, tıbbi ve endüstriyel ürün olarak önemi artan bir üründür. Kurutulmuş toz biberin kuruma sıcaklığının tahmini üzerine bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma, el tipi bir renk ölçer ve FT-NIRS kullanılarak, farklı kurutma sıcaklıklarında (50, 60 ve 70°C) kızılötesi (IR) ışınımla kurutulan yeşil ve kırmızı toz biberlerin kurutma sıcaklığını tahmin etmeyi amaçlamıştır. Hem renk hem de NIR verileri PLS regresyon yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Kurutma sıcaklığının, kurutulmuş biber tozlarının rengi (L*a*b, L*C*h) ve yakın kızıl ötesi (NIR) yansıma değerleri üzerinde önemli bir faktör olduğu belirlenmiştir. Toplam renk değişimi değerinin (ΔE *) hem yeşil hem kırmızı biber örnekleri için yüksek kurutma sıcaklıklarında daha düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kurutma sıcaklıkları ve renk parametreleri arasında yüksek korelasyon değerleri (r=0.98'e kadar) elde edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, kurutma sıcaklığının hem renk (R2=0.99; SEP: 1.06°C) hem de NIR yansıma verilerinden (R2=0.99; SEP: 1.37°C) tahmin edilebileceğini göstermiştir. Hem renk ölçer hem de FT-NIRS, kurutma sıcaklığının tahmini için oldukça iyi performans göstermiştir Ayrıca, kurutma sıcaklığının renk verilerinden tahmini için matematiksel bir model geliştirilmiştir. El tipi renk ölçer, ucuz, taşınabilir ve pratik olma avantajına da sahiptir.

Keskin M, Y Soysal, N Celiktas, YE Sekerli. 2022. Applied microwave power estimation of black carrot powders using spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Spectroscopy Letters. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00387010.2022.2074042 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... Abstract: The level of applied microwave power is a critical parameter for the quality of the dried product in microwave drying. It is impossible to assess the applied power of the dried product with the naked eye. This work aimed to predict the applied power of black carrot powders using a chromameter and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy with partial least squares regression. A good correlation was found between applied power, color parameters, and near-infrared reflectance. The near-infrared spectroscopy predicted the applied power with better performance (R2=0.99) and can be utilized to appraise the applied power of black carrot powders with acceptable accuracy. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... Özet: Mikrodalga kurutmada, uygulanan mikrodalga gücünün seviyesi kurutulan ürünün kalitesi için kritik öneme sahip bir parametredir. Kurutulmuş ürüne uygulanan mikrodalga gücünü çıplak gözle belirlemek mümkün değildir. Bu çalışma renk ölçer ve yakın kızılötesi yansıma spektroskopisi (FT-NIRS) kullanarak siyah havuç tozlarına uygulanmış olan mikrodalga gücünü tahmin etmeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışmada kısmi en küçük kareler regresyonu (PLSR) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Uygulanan mikrodalga gücü, renk parametre değerleri ve yakın kızılötesi yansıma arasında önemli düzeyde bir korelasyon bulunmuştur. FT-NIRS sistemi renk ölçere kıyasla uygulanan mikrodalga gücünü daha iyi performansla tahmin edebilmiştir (R2=0.99). Bu sistemin siyah havuç tozlarına uygulanan mikrodalga gücünü kabul edilebilir bir doğrulukla tahmin etmede kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir.

Introduction: To investigate relationship between intraoperative regional oxygen cerebral desaturation (rScO2) and the incidence of neurological deficit after aortic arch surgery in adult patients.
Methods: This study was conducted in a retrospective fashion. 53 patients undergoing aortic arch surgery with antegrade selective cerebral perfusion during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest between 2010 and 2012 were included.ln all patients cerebral monitoring was performed using the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and a bispectral index electroencephalography (BIS). Cumulative values of rScO2
decrease > 20% of the baseline level (min%) captured as the area under the curve (rScO2  AUC) were calculated. Patients were divided in two groups: patients with (N-group) and without (Non-N group) a nonreversible neurological deficit, and patients with (D-group) and without (Non-D group) a reversible neurological deficit.
Results: Of 53 patients, 49 (93%) suffered an aortic dissection Stanford Type A/De Bakey Type I and 4 (8%) patients a De Bakey Type II. Six (11%) patients died. Eleven (21%) patients developed a nonreversible (stroke, hemorrhage) and 23 (43%) patients a reversible neurological deficit (postoperative delirium). Postoperative delirium was significantly more frequent in the N-group (91%) compared to the Non-N group (33%). No significant difference was found for absolute rScO2  values < 50% and for the rScO2  AUC in both hemispheres between all groups.
Conclusion: Regional oxygen cerebral desaturation measured by NIRS appears to be a poor indicator for neurological outcome after aortic arch surgery in adults.

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) gradually became the gold standard to guide anesthetic conduction during cardiac surgery, and nowadays, it is commonly utilized to monitor cerebral oxygenation during invasive procedures. Preterm babies also benefit from this non-invasive monitoring to prevent neurological sequelae. However, few data are available on NIRS perioperative changes in newborn operated on for major non-cardiac malformations. Aim of the present study is to evaluate the usefulness of NIRS assessment during and after esophageal atresia (EA) correction and its correlation with clinical behavior.

Theor Appl Genet (2005) 110: 688–695
DOI 10.1007/s00122-004-1894-3

ABSTRACT: Barley straw is commonly used as animal feed in many developing countries. Even a small increase in its nutritive value can have a large impact on animal  production, and hence, on rural livelihood and human nutrition. Straw quality is strongly affected by environmental factors and is, therefore, difficult to improve with empirical breeding. The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers to facilitate the improvement of straw quality in barley. For this purpose, we have used the genetic linkage map that was already developed for recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of the cross between a _Hordeum vulgare_ cultivar (‘Arta’) and a _H. spontaneum_ line (_H. spontaneum_ 41-1), covering a total of 890 centimorgens. Straw parameters from RILs grown at Tel Hadya and Breda (ICARDA’s research stations) in 2 years (1996/1997 and 1997/1998) were analyzed by NIRS for predicted nutritional characteristics including neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, digestible organic matter in dry matter, voluntary intake, crude protein, and straw morphology (the percentage of blades, sheaths, and stems). Localization of QTLs was performed using Windows QTL Cartographer, version 2.0. Seventy-three QTLs were identified, the majority of which (17) in the driest of the four environments. Only six QTLs were identified in two environments; in five cases, one of the two was the wettest environment. This is discussed in relation to the possibility of improving straw quality in favorable environments where yields are higher, rather than in dry environments where straw quality is already relatively good.
KEYWORDS: QTLs / Hordeum spontaneum / Straw quality / NIRS / Crude protein