This study argues that Nāzik al-Malāʾikah's poetics-as indicated in her "Introduction" to her collection Shaẓāyā wa-ramād and her book Qaḍāyā al-shiʿr al-muʿāṣir-is in conversation with the famous American poet, critic, and short story... more
This study argues that Nāzik al-Malāʾikah's poetics-as indicated in her "Introduction" to her collection Shaẓāyā wa-ramād and her book Qaḍāyā al-shiʿr al-muʿāṣir-is in conversation with the famous American poet, critic, and short story writer Edgar Allan Poe's poetics. This affinity has not been properly noted by critics, as their discussions have been limited to issues of form, content, or borrowings from Poe's poems. This article argues that al-Malāʾikah's elaborations on Poe are more profound than hitherto assumed since they articulate a different kind of formal poetics altogether. The chief characteristics of this poetics can be identified as sound/rhythm, concision, refrain (or repetition, with variation). While these innovative instances are foundational in her literary criticism, her poetry also conveys other venues of indebtedness and conversation. Keywords Nāzik al-Malāʾikah-Edgar Allan Poe-Modernism-Free Verse-versification-formalism … The greatest debts are not always the most evident T.S. Eliot ∵
In Persian and Arabic poetry, both classical and modern, the use of rhetoric to communicate the concepts and meanings applied by the poet is very tangible, because what makes a text literary and poetic is its rhetorical aspects. Nima... more
In Persian and Arabic poetry, both classical and modern, the use of rhetoric to communicate the concepts and meanings applied by the poet is very tangible, because what makes a text literary and poetic is its rhetorical aspects. Nima Yooshij and Nazik al-Malaika, as the founders of free-verse poetry in Persian and Arabic literature, used the elements of rhetoric to highlight the themes of their poems and make them more influential. These two poets occasionally gave sermons and advice in their poetry. This article investigates the use of semantics in creating the theme of sermon and advice in the poetry of these two poets. Among the most important elements of rhetoric employed to give sermons, one may point to semantic elements. Drawing comparisons between these two poets, the article demonstrates that both poets highlight the predicate to express their purpose through sermon and advice. Regarding the audience, what is most desirable for them is the expression of the predicative statement that the reader must recognize, not the choice of the type of audience or address. There are, of course, differences in the application of rhetorical elements between these two poets. For instance, Yooshij expands his poems through repeating the concepts of sentences and by using allegories and metaphors, but Malaika does so by the repetition of the imperative sentences.
Without accepting the limits of rhyme and rhythm, today's poetry tries to gain more scores than what these two elements gave poetry before. Accordingly, it benefits a variety of mechanisms, most notably the use of the phonetic and... more
Without accepting the limits of rhyme and rhythm, today's poetry tries to gain more scores than what these two elements gave poetry before. Accordingly, it benefits a variety of mechanisms, most notably the use of the phonetic and semantic capacities of the word on the path of repetition. This linguistic phenomenon has a great influence, with its special function, on the richness of an artwork and contributes to beauty creation. Based on analytic - descriptive method, the important technical and semantic aspects of repetition have been studied in present essay, regardless to its lexical aspect, in some odes by Nazik al-Malaika and Nimā Yushij and explores the identification of repetition axes and the stylistic properties of their poetic language. Both poets have used this linguistic phenomenon as a means of aesthetics in line with two principles of proportionality and coherence that makes text to move towards music, and ultimately the transference of meaning. Therefore, it converges with the inner music of their poetry and increases the effectiveness of meaning. The function of repetition style is expressed in two semantic and musical axes, and they are found in both poems at three levels of phoneme, word and phrase.
Translating poetry has always been a significant subject in translation studies. Mixture of the language of poetry with the poet’s feelings and its benefit from ambiguity and complexity as well as presence of elements such as rhythm,... more
Translating poetry has always been a significant subject in translation studies. Mixture of the language of poetry with the poet’s feelings and its benefit from ambiguity and complexity as well as presence of elements such as rhythm, sentiments, and fantasy puts poetry at a higher position than prose, and accordingly adds more importance to its translation. The translator of a poem should be privileged with more freedom. An efficient translation of poetry is the outcome of recreation rather than mere rendition, as it is the case with rhythmic translations. Not only should poetry translators have all proficiencies of literary translators, they should also be familiar with contemporary poetry and its specifications, including dominant themes and tones in poetry, functions of allegory, repetition elements, internal rhythm of the poem, and application of proper nouns. The purpose of this research was to investigate the difficulties and complexities of translating poetry and in particular translating contemporary Arabic poetry regarding the theoretical and functional aspects. For this purpose, a descriptive-analytical method has been employed in this library research. Translatable and untranslatable elements were studied from a theoretical perspective, findings of which then indicated the importance of diction, meaning, rhythm, sentiments and fantasy. The difficulties of translating poetry were furthermore pointed out. From a functional approach, the most significant challenges with which the translators of contemporary Arabic poetry have to deal were then discussed by citing excerpts from poetry by Arab poets including Nizar Qabbani, Badr Shakir al-Sayyab and Nazik al-Malaika.
