Background: Neem (Azadirachta indica), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and Cow urine (Bos indicus) has been widely used as a therapeutic potential or additive agent in different ethnomedicinal practices as well as modern science also proved its... more
Background: Neem (Azadirachta indica), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and Cow urine (Bos indicus) has been widely used as a therapeutic potential or additive agent in different ethnomedicinal practices as well as modern science also proved its therapeutic potential to treat various diseases and balance the body conditions.
Aims: Alone study on Neem, Tulsi and Cow urine (CU) has been widely performed but this study aims to evaluate the individual as wel l as synergistic antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Neem, and Tulsi's leaves extract in different organic solvents and Cow urine.
Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity was carried out by using 2,2-Diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and the antibacterial activity was tested by the agar disc diffusion method against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella species) bacteria.
Results: The antioxidant and antibacterial activity is concentration-dependent. The neem extract in chloroform shows the highest ZOI against S. aureus (14±2). Similarly, the neem extract in cow urine (8±0.86) and tulsi extract in methanol (8±1.04) shows the highest ZOI against E. coli. Against K. species cow urine is most effective (9±0.29) followed by neem extract in chloroform and cow urine (8±0.77). In P. vulgaris almost all sample shows ZOI around 7 mm. In synergistic antibacterial study tulsi and neem extract in cow urine shows the highest ZOI against E. coli (12±1.75) and P. vulgaris (10±1.44). The tulsi and neem extract in hexane is not effective against S. aureus and E. coli but effective in P. vulgaris and K. species (ZOI 7 mm). Tulsi and neem extract in chloroform, methanol, and cow urine show similar ZOI (9 mm). In DPPH free radical scavenging activity the methanolic extract of tulsi shows the highest inhibition of free radicle (96.35±0.001), followed by methanolic extract of neem (84.85±0.042). The fresh cow urine inhibits (25.19±0.037) followed by neem extract in chloroform (24.53±0.003), neem ext ract in cow urine (21.8±0.012), tulsi extract in chloroform (20.86±0.047), tulsi extract in hexane (19.5±0.031), tulsi extract in cow urine (18.33±0.023) and the least inhibition by neem extract in hexane (6.74±0.042).
Conclusion: This study concludes that the neem, tulsi and cow urine has good antioxidant and antibacterial activity individually as well as synergistically and the effect is concentration-dependent. Hence the combination formulation could be a better option to study deep in the future.
The methylene blue (MB) absorption onto neem leaf powder was investigated in term of both adsorption efficiency and kinetic study. The effects of operation parameters i.e., MB concentration, time of adsorption, adsorbent dosage, pH... more
The methylene blue (MB) absorption onto neem leaf
powder was investigated in term of both adsorption efficiency
and kinetic study. The effects of operation parameters i.e., MB
concentration, time of adsorption, adsorbent dosage, pH of
solution and temperature were investigated. The results showed that all parameter could affect the adsorption efficiency. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics over various pH and temperature were also studied. It was found that the adsorption capacity was increased with pH and temperature increased; suggested the exothermic process. The experimental data showed that the MB adsorption was fitted with Langmuir isotherm and the kinetic model was the pseudo-second order.
Solvent leaf extracts of Terminalia catappa were evaluated for their cytotoxic and their radical scavenging potential. Brine shrimp assay was used for exploring cytotoxic activity, all the extracts namely hexane, DCM, chloroform,... more
Solvent leaf extracts of Terminalia catappa were evaluated for
their cytotoxic and their radical scavenging potential. Brine shrimp
assay was used for exploring cytotoxic activity, all the extracts
namely hexane, DCM, chloroform, acetone and methanol were
tested at the dose level of 25, 50, 100 and 200microgram /ml. A
dose dependent response was obtained in all the extracts.
Chloroform extract showed 100percent activity at the highest dose
of 200μg/ml. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by one
qualitative(TLC based) and two quantitative radical scavenging
assays namely DPPH (2, 2- Diphenyl-1- picryl hydrazyl) assay
and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. In both
assays acetone extract exhibited significant reduction of free
radicals. The IC50 value of acetone extract was 36.9μg/ml.
Ascorbic acid was used in these assays as reference compound.
FRAP value of acetone extract was found to be 6.73 much higher
than all the other extracts.
The present work discusses new and simple preparative TLC method for isolation of quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside from aqueous extract of leaves of Azadirachta indica. The purity of isolated quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside was 98.23 %.... more
The present work discusses new and simple preparative TLC method for isolation of quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside from aqueous extract of leaves of Azadirachta indica. The purity of isolated quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside was 98.23 %. Structure of isolated quercetin-3-O-β-Dglucoside was established by various spectral techniques such as IR, NMR and mass spectroscopy. Isolated quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside can be used as marker compound for marker-based standardization of extracts and formulations containing Azadirachta indicaleaves.
— The present study was conducted to evaluate the plant growth, physiological and biochemical changes of neem under different salinity levels (4, 8, 10 and 12 dS/m) which have multipurpose use in agroforestry. Growth parameters,... more
— The present study was conducted to evaluate the plant growth, physiological and biochemical changes of neem under different salinity levels (4, 8, 10 and 12 dS/m) which have multipurpose use in agroforestry. Growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate, proline and total phenol were investigated 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after treatment imposition. The results revealed that salinity caused significant differences in all the growth parameters and the maximum reduction were observed when plants were exposed to high salinity (12 dS/m) level and minimum were in control treatments. It was found that total dry matter and relative water content were reduced 72% and 40% in 12 dS/m compared to control plants at 120 DATI, respectively. By increasing saliniy 0 to 12 dS/m, the chlorophyll (the photosynthetic pigment) and carbohydrate (the photosynthetic product) content decreased, but increased the level of proline (an amino acid) and total phenol content (an antioxidant) in different days. The highest accumulation of free proline and total phenol content was recorded in 10 dS/m treatment and it was 77% and 59% greater than control plant, respectively. These findings suggest that though growth and biochemical parameters of neem were affected by salt stress, but all the plants survived in different salinity levels. Among all different salinity levels, neem can performed better up to 10 dS/m salinity level could be due to better antioxidant system of neem to cope up with oxidative damage to stressed plants.
Access to information and knowledge has always been a challenge for illiterate or low literate learners in developing nations. As a consequence, pedagogical advances, for low literate learners, have lagged behind, as compared to... more
Access to information and knowledge has always been a challenge for illiterate or low literate learners in developing nations. As a consequence, pedagogical advances, for low literate learners, have lagged behind, as compared to educational strategies for literate or highly literate learners. The technological revolution based on access to Internet and cell-phones has brought new opportunities to one billion low literate learners in the planet. There is evidence that cell-phones are becoming easily available for users in developing nations. “Scientific Animations Without Borders” (SAWBO) creates educational animations that can be watched on cell-phones and other devices and can be transmitted from mobile phone to mobile phone through Bluetooth® technology. In this article we report the results of a short survey conducted by students from Maradi (Niger) with different groups; farmers, teachers in rural areas, informal entrepreneurs and women in which several 3 D animations were showed on mobile phones: cholera prevention, neem seed extract for insects pest control and triple bagging for storage to prevent post harvest looses. The objectives were to find out the perception of usefulness of the content and
Background: Neem (Azadirachta indica), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and Cow urine (Bos indicus) has been widely used as a therapeutic potential or additive agent in different ethnomedicinal practices as well as modern science also proved its... more
Background: Neem (Azadirachta indica), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and Cow urine (Bos indicus) has been widely used as a therapeutic potential or additive agent in different ethnomedicinal practices as well as modern science also proved its therapeutic potential to treat various diseases and balance the body conditions. Aims: Alone study on Neem, Tulsi and Cow urine (CU) has been widely performed but this study aims to evaluate the individual as well as synergistic antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Neem, and Tulsi’s leaves extract in different organic solvents and Cow urine. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity was carried out by using 2,2-Diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and the antibacterial activity was tested by the agar disc diffusion method against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella species) bacteria. Results: The antioxidant and antibacterial activity is concentration...
Los insecticidas vegetales son compuestos derivados de plantas que causan efectos nocivos en la fisiología de insectos y otros artrópodos, que eventualmente causan la muerte. Una de las plantas con mayor interés bioinsecticida es... more
Los insecticidas vegetales son compuestos derivados de plantas que causan efectos nocivos en la fisiología de insectos y otros artrópodos, que eventualmente causan la muerte. Una de las plantas con mayor interés bioinsecticida es Azadirachta indica Juss o árbol de Neem. Aunque la toxicicidad del Neem ha sido comprobada en mosquitos con importancia vectorial, en Venezuela se desconoce su efecto en Aedes aegypti Linn, vector de arbovirus asociados con dengue, chikungunya y zika. Por ello, en el presente estudio se evaluó en condiciones de laboratorio el efecto biocontrolador de un extracto etanólico foliar de A. indica sobre los estadios inmaduros y adultos de una población local Ae. aegypti. Se observó la mortalidad del 50% de los huevos a la concentración de 0,5 g/mL del extracto y del 97,50% a 2 g/mL. La mortalidad de los estadios larvales y la fase pupal fue superior al 70% cuando se utilizaron concentraciones de 1,5 g/mL y 2 g/mL. En los adultos, la mayor mortalidad fue del 35,83% a 2 g/mL, mientras que la inhibición del desarrollo fue superior al 63%. Los resultados demuestran la eficacia del extracto foliar de A. indica como biocontrolador de Ae. aegypti principalmente en las primeras etapas de desarrollo. Palabras clave: Control biológico, azadiractina, Culicidae, Neem, Aedes aegypti.
