Nikopolis

De zeeslag bij Actium (noordwest Griekenland) op 2 september 31 v. Chr. betekende de beslissende overwinning van Octavianus Augustus op zijn tegenstrevers Marcus Antonius en Cleopatra. De betekenis van dit treffen op zee kan nauwelijks onderschat worden. Over het verloop van de daadwerkelijke slag is veel minder bekend en in de loop der eeuwen zijn feit en fictie steeds meer door elkaar gaan lopen. Dit artikel beoogt een reconstructie te geven van de zeeslag.

Un’impresa di scavo decennale ha permesso di riportare recentemente alla luce il monumento voluto da Ottaviano per celebrare la battaglia di Azio: il grande altare legittimava lo scontro e diveniva la fase conclusiva della guerra. La rappresentazione del corteo trionfale, delle cataste di armi e della vegetazione era l’espressione dell’ordine ottenuto con la guerra. Nel 9 a.C. fu terminata l’edificazione dell’Ara Pacis Augustae voluta dal Senato per celebrare il ritorno dell’imperatore dalla
Gallia e dalla Spagna. A dominare il programma figurativo non sono più le armi ma le diverse specie vegetali scolpite nel marmo, espressione della nuova pace, destino di tutta l’umanità sottomessa a Roma. Le immagini delle origini mitiche di Roma, le personificazioni dell’Urbe e dell’Italia unite alle figure dell’imperatore, della sua famiglia e dei rappresentanti delle istituzioni politiche e religiose di Roma sono la garanzia del nuovo potere ecumenico. Sono proprio i diversi linguaggi della pace e della guerra ad essere al centro delle osservazioni sui due monumenti augustei.

The theater of Nicopolis, the Victory City found by Augustus to commemorate his victory at Actium,  is one of the most imposing monuments of the site. It is built at the southern end of the ridges of the hillside known as Mihalitsi, in the “suburb”of the city, a short distance northeast of the Gymnasium and the Stadium. Further north, on the same range of hills, lies the Victory Monument. The above-mentioned structures (Gymnasium, Stadium, Theater, Victory Monument) composed an extensive sanctuary within a sacred grove, where the Actian Games took place every four years. The preceding regional Actian Games, which were originally held at the sanctuary of Apollo Actius, located on the Akarnanian seashore, were re-established and transferred to the Victory City by Augustus. Although the theater of Nicopolis it is mentioned by travelers in the 18th and 19th centuries, it has only recently been thoroughly researched. From 2012 onwards, intensive archaeological excavation and restoration works have been in progress, aiming at the preservation of this significant monument, a monument which successfully hosted a great number of celebrated international competitions of Imperial times. Some of the data obtained from these recent operations, concerning the first building phase of the monument that dates back to the times of Augustus, are presented in this paper.

Two volumes (xxxix & 1306 pages) of the Proceedings of the Second International Nicopolis Symposium held in Preveza between 11 and 15 September 2002.
The Proceedings were published in June 2007, by the Actia Nicopolis Foundation.
Scientific Editor: Konstantinos L. Zachos.
Editors: Nikos D. Karabelas & Michael Stork.
ISBN: 978 960 7660 16 9

Δύο τόμοι (xxxix & 1306 σελίδες) των Πρακτικών του Δευτέρου Διεθνούς Συμποσίου για τη Νικόπολη, που διεξήχθη στην Πρέβεζα από 11 έως 15 Σεπτεμβρίου 2002.
Τα Πρακτικά εκδόθηκαν στην Πρέβεζα τον Ιούνιο 2007, από το Ίδρυμα Ακτία Νικόπολις.
Επιστημονική Επιμέλεια: Κωνσταντίνος Λ. Ζάχος.
Επιμέλεια: Νίκος Δ. Καράμπελας & Michael Stork.
ISBN: 978 960 7660 16 9

Öz: Niğbolu'nun fethinin ardından askerî ve idari yapının tesis edilmesi ile birlikte tımar sisteminin oluşturulması ve buna bağlı olarak nüfus, ekonomik kaynakların tespiti ve işlerliğini kazanması Kanuni Sultan Süleyman zamanında neredeyse şekillenmiştir. Yerel nüfus ve onların sakin oldukları yerleşim birimlerinin yanı sıra bölge, fethin ardından Anadolu'dan yoğun bir göç almış ve yeni araziler dirlik sistemine dâhil edilmeye başlanmıştır. Çalışılan bölgede eski gayrimüslim yerleşim birimleri ve nüfusunun da bu sisteme dâhil edildiği hatta voynuk köylerin has köy statüsünde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada öncelikle has statüsünde kaydedilen araziler, nüfus ve yapısı, zirai-hayvancılık faaliyetleri ve bunlara bağlı olarak vergi kalemleri her dönem içerisinde değerlendirilmeye gidilmiş, sonrasında, iki dönem arasında yaşanan değişim ve gelişim ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Değerlendirilen iki dönem arasında has statülü araziler artarken nüfus ve buna bağlı olarak gelirlerin de arttığı izlenmiştir. Bu anlamda has arazilerin nüfusu çekmede önemli bir etken oldukları da görülmüştür. Abstract: With the establishment of the military and administrative structure after the conquest of Nikopol, the establishment of the timar system of directivity and the determination and functioning of the population, economic activities and resources were almost shaped during the time of Suleiman the Magnificent. In addition to the local population and their settlements where they live, the region received an intense migration from Anatolia after the conquest, and new lands started to be included in the timar system. It was determined that former non-Muslim settlements and their population were included in this system in the region studied, and even voynuk villages had the has status. In the study, first of all, the lands registered in "has" status, population and structure, agricultural-animal husbandry activities and tax items related to these were evaluated in each period, and then the change and development between the two periods were tried to be revealed. Between the two periods evaluated, it is seen that while the lands with "has" status increase, the population and accordingly incomes have also increased. In this sense, it has also been observed that "has" lands are an important factor in attracting the population.

Im Zuge der sukzessiven Eroberung Griechenlands durch die Römer seit dem 2. Jh. v. Chr. wurden die hellenistischen Königreiche und Polisbünde in römische Provinzen umgewandelt, wodurch sich massive Veränderungen in allen Lebensbereichen der Bevölkerung ergaben. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist die Landschaft Akarnanien in Westgriechenland ein vielversprechendes Untersuchungsgebiet. Es befindet sich in der Nähe von Actium, wo nach der Schlacht zwischen Octavianus und Antonius im Jahre 31 v. Chr. laut historischer Überlieferung tiefgreifende regionale Umstrukturierungen stattfan­den. Deshalb befasst sich das Promotionsprojekt mit den römerzeitlichen Funden dieser Region.
Als Forschungsgrundlage dient die Aufarbeitung archäologischen Materials. Dabei werden die römerzeitlichen Funde (1. Jh. v. Chr. bis 4. Jh. n. Chr.) mehrerer Projekte aus Akarnanien in Westgriechenland systematisch aufgearbeitet und der archäologischen Forschung zugänglich ge­macht. Die weiterführenden Fragen der Dissertation fokussieren einen Epochenübergang (von hellenistischer zu römischer Zeit), der unmittelbar mit einem historisch überlieferten Systemwechsel (auf politischer, administrativer, ökonomischer, sozialer etc. Ebene) verbunden werden kann.
Die Kernfrage der Dissertation ist, inwiefern sich dieser Systemwechsel in der materiellen Kultur der Region niederschlägt. Der Schwerpunkt der Analyse liegt, im Gegensatz zu anderen Arbeiten dieser Art, in der Diagnose ökonomischer Wirkungsmechanismen in ihren Bezügen zu Gesellschaft und naturäumlich bedingter Ressourcen. Diese Fragestellung basiert auf der Prä­misse, dass sich antike Wirtschaftssysteme über ihre materiellen und geistigen Hinterlassenschaften, also die überlieferten Produkte und Texte, rekonstruieren lassen. Da Menge, Funktion und Gestaltung der Produkte an die jeweiligen Ansprüche und Bedürfnisse einer Gesellschaft gebunden sind, sind sie orts-, zeit- und gesellschaftsspezifisch verankert. Somit lassen sich in der Erforschung ökonomischer Wirkungsmechanismen mit den Artefakten als unmittelbare Informationsträger sowohl die Produktion (Materialverwendung, angewandte Technik, Gestaltung etc.), als auch, im Kontext, die Konsumption (Bedarf, Funktion, Verwendung etc.) beschreiben. In Kontinuität und Wandel bestimmter technischer und ökonomischer Artefaktmerkmale wird evident, welche Formen lokalen Wirtschaftens auch nach dem Systemwechsel weiter praktiziert und welche aufgegeben wurden.
Diese Ergebnisse werden dann anhand der überlieferten Schriftquellen ergänzt und in einen gesamthistorischen Zusammenhang gestellt. Hierbei werden zum einen unsere bisherigen historischen Annahmen anhand archäologischer Quellen überprüft, zum anderen sollen die bislang in der wirtschaftshistorischen Forschung verwendeten ökonomischen Modelle kritisch analysiert werden. Neben dem soziokulturellen Kontext stehen dem Antragsteller zudem die Ergebnisse geowissenschaftlicher und archäo-botanischer Vorarbeiten zur Verfügung, die in die Untersuchung miteinbezogen werden. So kann geklärt werden, welche Wirkung die naturräumlichen Gegebenheiten auf die lokale Ökonomie hatten.

ABSTRACT A multi-component geophysical survey was carried out in various urban and suburban sections of ancient Nikopolis, in Epirus, Greece. The campaign was undertaken in order to explore and map in detail the subsurface archaeologic-al remains of the site in areas where concerns were raised related to the heritage management and creation of an archaeological park. Research objectives were to get further insights into the urban layout, the nature and the func -tional interpretation of buried remains, and the state of preservation of features in situ, but also to expand even to the suburban area to examine any correlation of subsurface relics to the urban fabric of the city. Being the first ex -tensive and systematic geophysical survey at the site, it was possible to identify a number of limitations of the geo -physical methods that were applied, mainly originating by the intensive and multiple habitational phases, the mod-ern interventions and land use practices. On the other hand, the geophysical investigations provided a great amount of information regarding the extent of subsurface structures and their correlation with excavated or surface standing monuments. The combined employment of rectified satellite images, geophysical maps and topographic plans in GIS contributed to the reconstruction of the city grid.

Between the 11th and the 21st December 2008 a geophysical survey was carried out on the site of the ancient city of Nikopolis (Epirus – Greece), founded in the late first century BC, and in its surrounding landscape. The archaeological potential of nine areas of interest was evaluated and the nature of present archaeology characterized. During the project, an area of approximately 49200 square meters was surveyed. The results of fluxgate magnetometer and earth resistance survey are presented within this book. Main results are the discovery of several archaeological features (probably roads and walls) within the walled city area, the discovery of adjacent buildings belonging to a bath complex situated north of the ancient city and the discovery of a road connecting the city with the stadium and the sacred grove in the northern suburb. The results are presented in the context of the research on Nikopolis. The role of geophysical prospection for the research on Roman urbanism is discussed as the general framework of the presented case study.

«Τα μουσεία πρέπει να λειτουργούν ως χώροι παραγωγής και όχι αποθήκευσης πολιτισμού».

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