Nutrition and Feed Technology

Medicinal plants and their derivatives are human-friendly, nutritional supplements, and their
use in the poultry industry is increasing today. Cynara scolymus is a very high-quality antioxidant
medicine plant that has recently attracted the attention of poultry and nutrition
researchers to supplement their rations and reduce feed costs. In the present study, the
effect of powder and extract of C. scolymus on broilers has reviewed. This review shows that
the impact of C. scolymus on production performance, carcass characteristics, liver enzymes
activity, and meat characteristics of broiler chickens are not significant. However, the negative
impact of this compound on these properties has not reported. Moreover, cholesterol
levels reduced by the dietary C. scolymus supplementation. The impact of C. scolymus powder
and extract on chickens’ broiler immunity was not significant in the cited literature, but
dietary C. scolymus powder increases Newcastle antibody titers and lowers blood pressure.
Dietary C. scolymus under heat stress increased anti-sheep red blood cell titers. No substantial
studies have conducted on the effect of C. scolymus on broilers. Therefore, it is not possible
to determine a single dosage for the use of C. scolymus powder or extract in broiler
diets to the improvement of the broiler characteristics. More researches are needed to
determining the appropriate dosage to achieve maximum performance

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama inkubasi pakan lengkap berbahan utama batang pisang terhadap kandungan protein kasar dan serat kasar. Percobaan dilakukan berdasarkan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan yaitu P0 (Pakan lengkap berbahan utama batang pisang tanpa disilase), P1 (Silase pakan lengkap berbahan utama batang pisang penyimpanan selama 7 hari), P2 (Silase pakan lengkap berbahan utama batang pisang penyimpanan selama 14 hari) dan P3 (Silase pakan lengkap berbahan utama batang pisang penyimpanan selama 21 hari). Analisis ragam menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap protein kasar, tetapi berpengaruh sangat nyata (P<0,01) terhadap serat kasar. Disimpulkan bahwa semakin lama inkubasi silase pakan lengkap berbahan utama batang pisang dapat menurunkan serat kasar dan dapat mempertahankan protein kasar.
Kata Kunci : Silase pakan lengkap, Batang pisang, Lama inkubasi, Protein kasar, Serat kasar.

The Canadian Species at Risk Act (SARA) was implemented in 2003. Since 2003, no fully marine Atlantic Canadian fish species has been listed and some observers are seriously questioning the extent to which SARA is effectively protecting marine fish species. Three species of wolffish found in North Atlantic waters were placed onto the SARA list in 2003 when it was implemented. The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) originally listed these species in 2000 and 2001. The COSEWIC listings were based on catch-rate trends over large spatial scales from a relatively short time series of offshore research vessel survey data and status reports derived from research for an honours thesis. This case study of the wolffish listings draws on results from semi-structured interviews with key informants familiar with the listing and post-listing events, an analysis of existing documents and research on the SARA process, and on data from wolffish-focused Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) interviews with commercial fish harvesters in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. The results shed light on the wolffish listing process including perceptions of how the implementation of SARA has affected the process and prospects for listing fully marine species. The post-SARA listing developments in relation to wolffish, including harvesters' views about the listing are also explored. The results indicate mixed views about the benefits and problems associated with the requirement for public consultations and incorporation of stakeholder knowledge into the listing process under SARA. There is some evidence that the wolffish listing process has increased harvester stewardship and engagement and benefitted from their input into the safe release of wolffish. Finally, little attention has been paid by any of the stakeholder groups consulted to the potential future delisting of wolffish, arguably the most important goal of species conservation initiatives. Without delisting requirements or timelines set out in a species recovery plan it is impossible to establish concrete guidelines for recovery.

Abstract:
Palm oil sludge (POS) represents an alternative to poultry feed, but its utilization is limited due to the high content of crude fiber (lignin and cellulose) and low content of crude protein. Fermentation with lignocellulolytic fungi, which include Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, produce ligninase and cellulose enzyme and have been used as an approach to increase POS nutrient levels and quality. This study evaluated the nutrient content and quality of POS after fermentation using different ligninocellulolytic fungi. Methodology: Two experiments were conducted in this study. Experiment 1 was performed as a 3 x 3 factorial experiment with a completely randomized design and 3 replicates. The first factor was lignocellulolytic fungi (Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, or Phanerochaete chrysosporium) and the second factor was incubation time (7, 11, or 15 days). Subsequently, Crude Fiber (CF), Crude Protein (CP), cellulose, lignin, and cellulase enzyme activity were measured. Experiment 2 compared the nutrient content of fermented (the best treatment identified in Experiment 1) and unfermented POS. In this experiment, the nitrogen retention, crude fiber digestion, metabolizable energy (ME), and amino acid profile of POS was measured. Results: In Experiment 1 we found that Pleurotus ostreatus significantly reduced CF, cellulose, and lignin levels and increased CP content as well as cellulase enzyme activity after 11 days of incubation (p < 0.01) Moreover, Experiment 2 showed that  nitrogen retention,  crude fiber digestion,  and ME content levels in fermented POS were higher than in unfermented POS. Fermentation also improved the amino acid profile of POS. Conclusion: An 11 day fermentation with Pleurotus ostreatus was identified as the best condition for improving the nutrient content and quality of POS.