PCL polymer

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Chitin and chitosan in selected biomedical applications

Chitin (CT), the well-known natural biopolymer and chitosan (CS) (bio-based or " artificial polymer ") are non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible in nature. The advantages of these biomaterials are such that, they can be easily processed into different forms such as membranes, sponges, gels, scaffolds, microparticles, nanoparticles and nanofibers for a variety of biomedical applications such as drug delivery, gene therapy, tissue engineering and wound healing. Present review focuses on the diverse applications of CT and CS membranes and scaffolds for drug delivery, tissue engineering and targeted regenerative medicine. The chitinous scaffolds of marine sponges' origin are discussed here for the first time. These CT based scaffolds obtained from Porifera possess remarkable and unique properties such as hydration, interconnected channels and diverse structural architecture. This review will provide a brief overview of CT and CS membranes and scaffolds toward different kinds of delivery applications such as anticancer drug delivery, osteogenic drug delivery, and growth factor delivery, because of their inimitable release behavior, degradation profile, mucoadhesive nature, etc. The review also provides an overview of the key

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- by Lamine BENBOUZID
- •
- PCL polymer

Fabrication and Characterization of Polycaprolactone (PCL)/Gelatin Electrospun Fibers

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Yttrium oxide nanoparticle loaded scaffolds with enhanced cell adhesion and vascularization for tissue engineering applications

In situ tissue engineering is emerging as a novel approach in tissue engineering to repair damaged tissues by boosting the natural ability of the body to heal itself. This can be achieved by providing suitable signals and scaffolds that can augment cell migration, cell adhesion on the scaffolds and proliferation of endogenous cells that facilitate the repair. Lack of appropriate cell proliferation and angiogenesis are among the major issues associated with the limited success of in situ tissue engineering during in vivo studies. Exploitation of metal oxide nanoparticles such as yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3) nanoparticles may open new horizons in in situ tissue engineering by providing cues that facilitate cell proliferation and angiogenesis in the scaffolds. In this context, Y 2 O 3 nano-particles were synthesized and incorporated in polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds to enhance the cell proliferation and angiogenic properties. An optimum amount of Y 2 O 3-containing scaffolds (1% w/w) promoted the proliferation of fibroblasts (L-929) and osteoblast-like cells (UMR-106). Results of chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay and the subcutaneous implantation studies in rats demonstrated the angiogenic potential of the scaffolds loaded with Y 2 O 3 nanoparticles. Gene expression study demonstrated that the presence of Y 2 O 3 in the scaffolds can upregulate the expression of cell proliferation and angiogenesis related biomolecules such as VEGF and EGFR. Obtained results demonstrated that Y 2 O 3 nanoparticles can perform a vital role in tissue engineering scaffolds to promote cell proliferation and angiogenesis.

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Fabrication of Nanohydroxyapatite/Poly(caprolactone) Composite Microfibers Using Electrospinning Technique for Tissue Engineering Applications

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Influence of various starch types on PCL/starch blends anaerobic biodegradation

Research concentrated on the biodegradable capability of PCL blends with various types of
starch in an anaerobic aqueous environment of mesophilic sludge from a municipal
wastewater treatment plant. For blend preparation, use was made of a native starch
Meritena from maize, another from Waxy – a genetically modified type of maize, as well as
Gel Instant, a gelatinized starch, and an amaranth starch. Additional PCL/starch blends were
prepared from the same starch types, but these were initially plasticized with glycerol. The
biodegradability tests were supplemented with thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); morphology was identified using scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), plus mechanical properties were also tested. While mixtures of
PCL with starches plasticized with glycerol exhibited improved mechanical properties and
a higher degree of biodegradation in the anaerobic environment, mixtures of PCL with
pure forms of starch were ascertained as rather resistant to the anaerobic aqueous environment.
TGA and DSC analysis confirmed the removal of starch and glycerol from the PCL
matrix. SEM then proved these results through the absence of starch grains in the samples
following anaerobic biodegradation.

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- by Petr Svoboda
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- PCL polymer

Synthesis and characterization of polycaprolactone for anterior cruciate ligament regeneration

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most frequently torn ligament in the knee, and complete healing is unlikely due to lack of vascularization. Current approaches for the treatment of ACL injuries include surgical interventions and grafting, however recent reports show that surgeries have 94% recurrency, and that repaired tissues are biomechanically inferior to the native tissue. These necessitate the need for new strategies for scar-free repair/re-generation of ACL injuries. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymer, which has been widely used in the connective tissue repair/regeneration attempts. Here, we report on the synthesis of PCL via ring opening po-lymerization using ε-caprolactone as the monomer, and ammonium heptamolybdate as a catalyst. The synthesized PCL was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It was then processed using electrospinning to form nanofiber-based scaffolds. These scaffolds were characterized in terms of surface as well as mechanical properties, and compared to the properties of commercially available PCL, and of native ACL tissue harvested from sheep. In addition, scaffolds fabricated with synthesized PCL were evaluated regarding their cell attachment capacity using human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). Our findings demonstrated that the synthesized PCL is similar to its commercially available counterpart in terms of surface morphology and mechanical properties. In addition, fibrous scaffolds generated with electrospinning showed weaker mechanical properties visa vis native ACL tissue in terms of ultimate stress, and elastic modulus. Also, the synthesized PCL can accommodate cell attachment when tested with hBMSCs. Putting together, these observations reveal that the PCL synthesized in this study could be a good candidate as a biomaterial for ligament repair or regeneration.

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Microbial Barrier Property and Blood Compatibility Studies of Electrospun Poly-ƹ-Caprolactone/ Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite Scaffolds

Electrospun poly-ƹ-caprolactone/zinc oxide (PCL/ZnO) nanocomposite scaffolds were reported for tissue engineering and wound healing applications. Wound coverage materials should have good barrier property against invading microbes. Since wound coverage materials and tissue engineering scaffolds are in direct contact with blood, such materials should be blood compatible. Thus, blood compatibility of the fabricated scaffolds has been tested by RBC and WBC aggregation studies. Hemolysis assay and platelet activation study were also carried out. This study is promising in the sense that the fabricated scaffolds showed excellent microbial barrier property and were highly compatible with RBC and WBC and did not induce haemolysis. However, need to be vigilant regarding the possible platelet aggregation that can happen at higher concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles.

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- by Robin Augustine
- •
- 6
  Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering, Wound Healing, Blood

Enzymatic behavior of laccase following interaction with γ-CD and immobilization into PCL nanofibers

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- by Fatih Canbolat
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- 16
  Analytical Chemistry, Nanofibers, Inclusion, Scanning Electron Microscopy

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