PPD

This booklet is one of a series for tutors
published by the Creative Learning in
Practice Centre for Excellence in Teaching and
Learning at the University of the Arts London 2008.
The centre received funding for five years
from the Higher Education Funding Council
for England to raise the profile of learning and
teaching and to disseminate good practice
across the sector.

"Here we offer thoughts, explanations and
tips on how to engage with Personal and
Professional Development (PPD) in the
creative arts, not just for students but for
all staff. Whatever your course or role, you
will need to decide what to do in different
situations, work out the implications of
actions, consider what a task needs, and
reflect on outcomes and achievements. The
kind of PPD you and your students find
meaningful, where it takes place and how
expressed, will be shaped by the diversity,
nature and ethos of your field. Some may be
strongly oriented towards business skills and
career management, while others may prefer
a focus on softer, individual attributes and
areas for exploration.
If you are new to PPD teaching or an old
hand looking for new ideas, we hope this
guide will help." - Dr Alison James

The aim of this study was to determine tuberculosis (Tb) agents in milk and the pathologic changes in the tissues and organs
of 100 PPD Tb-positive cows that were intended for slaughter. Milk samples were taken before slaughtering and PCR analysis was
conducted to detect the Tb agent. In postmortem examinations, the lungs, liver, mammary glands, spleen, kidneys, and heart were
collected for macroscopic and histopathological examinations. Out of the 100 PPD positive cows, lesions of Tb were observed in 75
cows. In the microscopic examination, Tb was identified in the lungs (51 cases), liver (61 cases), and in both the liver and lungs (37
cases). Although mammary Tb was suspected in 32 cows in macroscopic examinations, in microscopic examinations these cases were
evaluated as chronic pyogenic abscesses mastitis. No Tb agents were detected by PCR analysis in milk samples taken from the cows
before slaughter. Therefore, periodical milk inspections are suggested for controlling agents in milk. In some of the Tb PPD positive
animals (25 cases), no changes were detected; therefore, there is a need to improve tests with higher sensitivity for the antemortem
diagnosis of Tb. Moreover, people involved in the livestock sector should be trained about Tb, hygiene rules, and disease-free herds

Kerja tidak mempunyai ruangan untuk penciptaan langsung produksi-produksi besar dari pengetahuan deklaratif. Akan tetapi, sekali ada suatu himpunan dari produksi-produksi kecil, produksi-produksi besar dapat diciptakan dari produksi-produksi kecil ini. Inilah yang terjadi selama komposisi. Agar terjadi komposisi, suatu urutan dari dua produksi harus aktif dalam memori kerja pada waktu yang sama. Sistem akan " memperhatikan " bahwa aksi dari produksi pertama menimbulkan kondisi untuk produksi yang kedua. Hasilnya merupakan suatu produksi baru yang mempunyai kondisi dari produksi pertama, dan aksi-aksi dari kedua produksi. Kondisi dari produksi kedua hilang sebagai informasi yang tidak diperlukan. Tabel 5.8 dan tabel 5.9 memperlihatkan suatu contoh komposisi. Tabel 5.8. Empat produksi-produksi kecil yang terjadi dalam suatu urutan untuk mengucapkan satu kata yang tidak dikenal secara tertulis, tetapi tersedia dalam kosakata lisan seseorang.