Particle detectors

The Czochralski silicon (Cz-Si) has intrinsically high oxygen concentration. Therefore Cz-Si is considered as a promising material for the tracking systems in future very high luminosity colliders. In this contribution a brief overview of the Czochralski crystal growth is given. The fabrication process issues of Cz-Si are discussed and the formation of thermal donors is especially emphasized. N + /p À /p + and p + /n À /n + detectors have been processed on magnetic Czochralski (MCz-Si) wafers. We show measurement data of AC-coupled strip detectors and single pad detectors as well as experimental results of intentional TD doping. Data of spatial homogeneity of electrical properties, full depletion voltage and leakage current, is shown and n and p-type devices are compared. Our results show that it is possible to manufacture high quality n + /p À /p + and p + /n À /n + particle detectors from high-resistivity Cz-Si.

IITMSAT is a student-built nano-satellite mission of Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India. The objective is to study the precipitation of high energy electrons and protons from Van-Allen radiation belt to Low Earth Orbits (LEO). The unique design of IITMSAT evolves from the challenging design requirements posed by the mission and the satellite"s payload, SPEED (Space based Proton and Electron Energy Detector). This paper presents the design solution for the satellite bus with details of the data bus design, antennas, communication and structural design. The satellite design is also an attempt to address the void of a nano-satellite standard to support large payloads of mass 7-12kgs.

The EUDET-project was launched to create an infrastructure for developing and testing new and
advanced detector technologies to be used at a future linear collider. The aim was to make possible
experimentation and analysis of data for institutes, which otherwise could not be realized due to lack
of resources. The infrastructure comprised an analysis and software network, and instrumentation
infrastructures for tracking detectors as well as for calorimetry.

The method of cosmic ray neutron sensing - measuring soil moisture non-invasively at the hectometer scale has turned out to be feasible by detecting the environmental albedo neutron density. The key feature of the method is that neutrons generated by cosmic rays show an exceptionally different behavior interacting with hydrogen. It slows down fast neutrons whereas any other heavier element, independent of the chemical composition, rather reflects them. In the recent years the understanding of neutron transport by Monte Carlo simulations led to major advancements in precision, which have been successfully targeted meanwhile by a manifold of experiments.
We are now developing boron-lined neutron detectors using spin-off technologies from the upcoming European Spallation Source and instrument design experience from past experiments. These detectors shall also offer an alternative platform to current Helium-3 based systems. In order to reduce costs we recently have developed readout electronics and data acquistion systems based on Arduino microcontrollers.

A detailed study is presented of the expected performance of the ATLAS detector. The reconstruction of tracks, leptons, photons, missing energy and jets is investigated, together with the performance of b-tagging and the trigger. The physics potential for a variety of interesting physics processes, within the Standard Model and beyond, is examined. The study comprises a series of notes based on simulations of the detector and physics processes, with particular emphasis given to the data expected from the first years of ...

A detailed study is presented of the expected performance of the ATLAS detector. The reconstruction of tracks, leptons, photons, missing energy and jets is investigated, together with the performance of b-tagging and the trigger. The physics potential for a variety of interesting physics processes, within the Standard Model and beyond, is examined. The study comprises a series of notes based on simulations of the detector and physics processes, with particular emphasis given to the data expected from the first years of ...

With the Arduino open source electronics platform microcontrollers have become a comparably easy-to-use tool for rapid prototyping and implementing creative solutions. Their stability especially qualifies them to be used for slow control units. Yet, running at 16 MHz, the capabilities can be extended to data taking and signal analysis at decent rates. Such devices in combination with dedicated frontend electronics can offer low cost alternatives for student projects and independently operating small scale instrumentation. We present two projects, which cover as well the readout of helium-3 and boron-10 proportional counters as of scintillators or wavelength shifting fibers with Silicon Photomultipliers.
The nCatcher combines commercially available analog electronics and the Arduino nano enabling pulse shape analysis for proportional counters. The frontend integrates and shapes pulses to microseconds in order to use the Arduino's signal analysis capabilities - time over threshold measurement and a 10-bit analog to digital converter. Combining these two parameters allows for effective discrimination between different radiation types by estimating the total deposited energy (E) of incoming radiation as well as the mean energy loss per distance (dE/dx). This makes the device suitable for low to medium rate environments, where a good signal noise is a crucial.
With the SiPMTrigger we have realized a small scale design for triggering or vetoing. It consists of a custom mixed signal frontend board featuring signal amplification, discrimination and a coincidence unit. An Arduino MEGA digitally adjusts the thresholds of both channels and measures the trigger rate up to 200 kHz.

The use of a graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) to detect radiation is proposed and analyzed. The detection mechanism used in the proposed detector architecture is based on the high sensitivity of graphene to the local change of electric field that can result from the interaction of radiation with a gated undoped semiconductor absorber (substrate) in a GFET. We have modeled a GFET-based radiation detector, and discussed its anticipated performance and potential advantages compared to conventional detector architectures.

A network of particle detectors located at middle to low latitudes, SEVAN (Space Environmental Viewing and Analysis Network), aims to improve fundamental research of the particle acceleration in the vicinity of the sun and the space environment. The new type of particle detectors will simultaneously measure changing fluxes of most species of secondary cosmic rays, thus turning into a powerful integrated device used for exploration of solar modulation effects. The first SEVAN modules are under test operation at Aragats Space Environmental Center in Armenia, in Bulgaria and Croatia. We present the first results of SEVAN operation, as well as some characteristics of the detector setup.

A 1-meter-long trapezoidal Triple-GEM detector with wide readout strips was tested in hadron beams at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility in October 2013. The readout strips have a special zigzag geometry and run along the radial direction with an azimuthal pitch of 1.37 mrad to measure the azimuthal φ-coordinate of incident particles. The zigzag geometry of the readout reduces the required number of electronic channels by a factor of three compared to conventional straight readout strips while preserving good angular resolution. The average crosstalk between zigzag strips is measured to be an acceptable 5.5%. The detection efficiency of the detector is (98.4 ± 0.2)%. When the non-linearity of the zigzag-strip response is corrected with track information, the angular resolution is measured to be (193 ± 3) µrad, which corresponds to 14% of the angular strip pitch. Multiple Coulomb scattering effects are fully taken into account in the data analysis with the help of a stand-alone Geant4 simulation that estimates interpolated track errors.

Earlier we reported that the pits generated in CR-39 detectors during Pd/D co-deposition experiments are consistent with those observed for pits that are of a nuclear origin. Spacer experiments and track modeling have been done to characterize the properties of the particles that generated the tracks in the CR-39 detectors. The effect of water on the energetics of the particles and their resultant tracks is discussed.

After the major modernization of the data acquisition electronics of the particle detectors operated at Aragats Space Environmental Center (ASEC) calculations of the barometric coefficients of all the monitors were performed in the beginning of the 24th solar activity cycle. The barometric coefficients of particle detectors located at altitudes of 1000 m, 2000 m and 3200 m a.s.l. measuring various secondary cosmic ray fluxes were compared with theoretical expectations and monitors operated on different longitudes and latitudes. The barometric coefficients were also calculated for the several neutron monitors of recently established Eurasian database (NMDB) and SEVAN particle detector networks. The latitude and altitude dependencies of the barometric coefficients were investigated, as well as the dependence of coefficients on energy of the primary particles.

We describe the application of superfluid 3 He at very low temperatures as a highly sensitive bolometer for elementary particles detection. Recently we were able to detect the cosmic muon scattering with energy of 45 KeV: The other important property of superfluid 3 He at very low temperatures is its analogy with quantum vacuum of the Universe. At very rapid superfluid transition in 3 He; follows after a reaction with single neutron, the creation of topological defects (vortices) has been demonstrated in accordance with the Kibble-Zurek scenario for the cosmological analogue. We discuss here the extension of the Kibble-Zurek scenario for the case when alternative symmetries may be broken and different states can be nucleated independently. We have calculated the nucleation probability of the various states of superfluid 3 He during a superfluid transition. The new theory of transition from supercooled A phase to the B phase, triggered by nuclear reaction, have been established. Our theory explains the results of Stanford experiments much better, then well known ''Baked Alaska'' scenario. r

The Indium antimonide (InSb) is one of the promising optoelectronic materials having potential applications in the development of data storage, frequency, parametric oscillations, detectors and related gadgets. Purity of material plays a vital role in the development of quality devices for space and defence related high-end applications. Directional Solidification System (DSS) plays a major role in reducing the vibrations during the synthesis and crystallization process to yield high and pure InSb compound. This paper discusses homogenization, synthesis, purification and characterization of Indium antimonide. Directional Solidification System (DSS) is employed for the preparation of pure InSb crystalline material. This system is fabricated with a view to establish required and suitable temperature isotherms at top and bottom of the furnace and also to tackle the irregularities of sample during the process of cooling the aspects. The crystallization of homogenized pure sample is kept under vacuum in the furnace. The impurities of the InSb are segregated at the bottom end of the sample. The purity analysis of the InSb sample is studied and presented by employing XRD, TEM, SEM, EDS, ICP-OES, Raman and FTIR techniques.

The world of detectors used in thermal neutron scattering instrumentation has changed. By alerts on the future Helium-3 supply, critical to perspectives of the large-scale research infrastructures, the run on substitutional technologies started. Most of the solutions could be adapted from developments of particle physics and are comprised of one or more layers of Boron-10. The Time Projection Method achieves a very high resolution by projecting ionization tracks onto a readout with dense spatial and time information. The university of Bonn is developing a novel system employing the TimePix technology - CMOS based chips with 55 micrometer sized pixels operated at clock speeds up to 80 MHz. In a first prototype with 8 TimePix chips, which are arranged in parallel to a boron layer, the track topology with this unrivaled high resolution has been studied. By reconstructing the origin of the conversion ions a time resolution of <50 ns and a spatial resolution of 100 micrometer has been achieved.

This is the first part of a two-part paper. In this paper, we propose a detector array for detecting and localizing sources that emit particles including photons, neutrons, or charged particles. The array consists of multiple "eyelets." Each eyelet has a conical module with a lens on its top and an inner subarray containing multiple particle detectors. The array configuration is inspired by and generalizes the biological compound eye: it is spherically shaped and has a larger number of detectors in each individual eyelet. Potential applications of this biomimetic array include artificial vision in medicine (e.g., artificial eyes for the blind) or robotics (e.g., for industry or space missions), astronomy and astrophysics, security (e.g., for radioactive materials), and particle communications. In this part, we assume Poisson distribution for each detector's measurement within the observation time window. Then we construct a general parametric model for the detection rate of the Poisson-distributed measurements illustrated by a circular Gaussian lens-shaping function (LSF) approximation, which is commonly used in optical and biological disciplines. To illustrate how this "prototype" model fits practical cases, we apply it to an example of localizing a candle from 20 miles away and estimating the parameters under this circumstance. In addition, we also discuss the hardware setup and performance measure of the proposed array, as well as its fundamental constraints. Part I forms the theoretical basis for Part II, in which we analyze the performance of the array, both analytically and numerically.

This is the second part of our paper. In this paper, we propose, model, and analyze the performance of a detector array for localizing far-field particle-emitting sources, which is inspired by but generalizes the compound eye of insects. The array consists of multiple eyelets, each having a conical module with a lens on its top and an inner subarray containing multiple particle detectors. Using a parametric measurement model introduced for the array in Part I, in this part we analytically and numerically analyze the statistical performance of the array. First, we compute the statistical Cramér-Rao bounds (CRBs) on the errors in estimating the direction of arrival of the incident particles; then we derive a lower bound on the mean-square angular error (MSAE) of source localization for any specific array configuration; thirdly, we consider two source-direction estimators, the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) and the weighted direction estimator (WDE), and analyze their MSAE performance. In the numerical examples, we quantitatively compare the performance of the proposed array with the biological compound eye; show the array performance as a function of the array configuration variables; optimally design the array configuration; illustrate that the MLE asymptotically attains the performance bound, whereas the WDE is nearly optimal for sufficiently large SNR; and analyze the hardware efficiency by comparing the two MSAE bounds. Potential applications of this work include artificial vision in medicine or robotics, astronomy assisted, security, and particle communications.

Energetic and high fluence helium ions emitted in a plasma focus device have been used successfully to
study the radiation induced damage on tungsten. The reference and irradiated samples were characterized
by optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and by hardness
testers. The micrographs of the irradiated samples at lower magnification show uniform mesh of
cracks of micrometer width. However at higher magnification, various types of crystalline defects such
as voids, pinholes, bubbles, blisters and microcracks are distinctly noticed. The prominent peaks in
X-ray diffraction spectrum of irradiated samples are seen shifted toward higher Bragg angles, thus indicating
accumulation of compressive stress due to the heat load delivered by helium ions. A marginal
reduction in hardness of the irradiated sample is also noticed.

The world of detectors used in thermal neutron scattering instrumentation has changed. By alerts on the future Helium-3 supply, critical to perspectives of the large-scale research infrastructures, the run on substitutional technologies started. Most of the solutions could be adapted from developments of particle physics and are comprised of one or more layers of Boron-10. The Time Projection Method achieves a very high resolution by projecting ionization tracks onto a readout with dense spatial and time information. The university of Bonn is developing a novel system employing the TimePix technology - CMOS based chips with 55 micrometer sized pixels operated at clock speeds up to 80 MHz. In a first prototype with 8 TimePix chips, which are arranged in parallel to a boron layer, the track topology with this unrivaled high resolution has been studied. By reconstructing the origin of the conversion ions a time resolution of <50 ns and a spatial resolution of 100 micrometer has been achieved.

The aim of this study is to design a detector module employing multi-pinhole collimator which could be utilized in various SPECT systems. Monte Carlo simulations using Geant4 application for tomographic emission (GATE) were performed to estimate the performance of various multi-pinhole collimators and compared to that of low energy high resolution (LEHR) parallel-hole collimator. The simulated detector module was designed to have 100 mm x 100 mm field of view. In order to determine the optimal number of pinholes, the number of pinholes having 2 mm pinhole diameter and 50 mm focal length was varied from 1 to 225. Perpendicular lead septa were employed to acquire non-overlapping projections and to improve reconstructed image quality. The proposed multi-pinhole detector module was evaluated by the reconstructed images of simulated phantoms. Planar sensitivity and resolution obtained using 81-pinhole collimator were 1.9 cps/µCi and 8.7 mm FWHM at 225 mm distance. 81-pinhole configuration demonstrated better resolution and comparable sensitivity compared to LEHR parallel-hole collimator (2.0 cps/µCi and 10.9 mm FWHM). Multi-pinhole detector module could provide the reconstructed images of 120 mm diameter phantoms without truncation while LEHR parallel-hole detector provided the truncated images. The designed multi-pinhole detector module which could be extended to cover large FOV allows to achieve high quality images even with reduced projection data.

The globally increased demand of Helium-3 along with the limited availability for this gas asks for the development of alternative technologies as the nowadays standard technology is still based on the Helium counter tube.
We report on the CASCADE Project - a novel detection system, which has been developed for the purposes of neutron spin echo spectroscopy. It features 2D spatially resolved detection of thermal neutrons at high rates. The CASCADE detector is comprised of a stack of solid 10B coated Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) foils, which serve both as a neutron converter and as an amplifier for the primary ionization deposited in the standard Argon-CO2 counting gas environment.
For the application in MIEZE spin echo techniques it has furthermore been managed to extract the signal of the charge traversing the stack to identify the very thin conversion layer of about 1μm. This allows to precisely determine the time-of-flight [2].
The detector concept and measurement results will be presented.

[1] M. Klein, C.J. Schmidt, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 628 (2011) 9-18
[2] W. Häussler et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 251 012067 (2010)

Talk Presented at the International Workshop on Position Sensitive Neutron Detectors, 2014

For application in high-energy physics experiments, this paper describes the design of a nine-channel binary detection system featuring a fully differential 300-W, 40-MHz comparator whose offset voltage is reduced to less than 500 V by means of a digitally controlled calibration system. Besides the comparator, each channel also includes an input waveshaping high-pass filter for improved detection performance in the particle-radiated operating environment. To save area and power, this is realized by a passive switched-capacitor polyphase network with timeinterleaved operation. Two prototype chips have been realized in a 1.2-m CMOS technology. One chip includes nine filtercomparator channels that occupy 0.4 mm 2 and at 40 MHz dissipate about 2.7 mW. The other chip contains the calibration system that generates all control signals for offset correction of the filter/comparator channels and occupies 1.4 mm 2 .

An electronics system for low-energy cosmic ion detection has been designed and built. This instrument was designed to be shipped onboard a satellite with a mission to detect solar energetic particles (SEP) and to study the anomalous component of cosmic rays. The electronics of the instrument were verified by four functional tests. In the first of these tests, its response to well-known electronic pulses, analogous to those produced in the detectors, was checked. During the second test, the coincidence-anticoincidence performances have been verified. The third test consisted of the calibration of each detector and its corresponding electronics chain with alpha particles from a 241 Am source. All these preliminary tests were carried out in an Alcalá University laboratory. The final test was done with nuclear reaction fragments at the VICKSI (Van de Graaff Isochron Cyclotron Kombination für Schwere Ionen) heavy ion accelerator facility of the Hahn Meitner Institute in Berlin. The trails proved to be successful, with satisfactory results when compared with those achieved by standard nuclear instrumentation. Index Terms-Nuclear electronics, space physics. I. INTRODUCTION T HE STUDY of low-energy cosmic ions is one of the main objectives in cosmic ion research, either for solar energetic particles (SEP) or for galactic cosmic radiation. Among the most important problems still facing research are the following: the mechanisms of energy release and transport, the chemical and isotopic composition in different parts of the solar atmosphere, the processes of particle acceleration, magnetic field reconnection on various spatial and temporal scales, the generation and properties of different types of shocks, relations between various phenomena occurring in active regions (e.g., flares, coronal mass ejections, erupting filaments, shocks), the propagation of energetic particles in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and the extent of an interplanetary acceleration. Key suprathermal and energetic particle observations by means of these particles as diagnostic tools for remote probing of solar processes have a distinctive signature in the timing, composition, and energy spectra of the accelerated particles. Measurement of energy spectra in a variety of ions as well as isotopic abundance ratios gives information on the acceleration Manuscript

We consider an Unruh-DeWitt particle detector, coupled to a massless scalar field, undergoing "acceleration with drift" in a (1 + 3)-dimensional Minkowski spacetime. We use this to model inertial motion in a (1 + 2)-dimensional Minkowski heat bath; in particular, motion within a 2-plane parallel (and near) to the horizon of a black 2-brane. We compute the angular response of the detector in its own rest frame. The response to particles arriving from within the 2-plane is isotropic and Planckian for zero drift velocity. For small drift velocities, and in the ultraviolet limit in which the excitations behave like a classical gas, the response is just Doppler shifted. However, we find discrepancies with the Doppler shifted formula in the infrared limit, and qualitatively different behaviour when the drift velocity is not small. We discuss possible explanations for this result and potential implications for observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation.

as development phases became shorter, fast defect characterization is highly important. In addition, new chemicals involved in sub 28nm semiconductor processes introduce new types of defects. The variety of defect types complicates defect root cause analysis, so that image based defect analysis is limited, and defect material information becomes more important. Thus elemental analysis of defects in a defect review SEM gains importance in sub 28nm processes. This work presents a new type of Energy Dispersive X ray Spectrometer (EDX), integrated together with a unique e-beam column and high collection solid angle. It allows x-ray count rates that are more than an order of magnitude higher compared to traditional detectors. The high count rate speeds up the analysis period to less than 2 seconds for sub 30nm defects. Short analysis time is critical for such small sized defects as they can disappear due to charging or evaporation. In addition, the new detector-column configuration becomes sensitive to very thin films (down to 1nm), something that was not reasonable for the traditional SiLi x-ray spectrometers. Traditional EDX requires >5keV beam energies and >500pA beam current. New layers that are introduced to < 40nm processes, such as Ultra Low K materials, are sensitive to high electron doses. The new, fast EDX allows defect analysis on sensitive layers without damaging the analysis area

In this work we investigate how the intrinsic spatial resolution varies with the number of digitized readout channels for a 64 (8×8) channel detector using a statistics-based positioning algorithm. We report results for both 6 mm and 8 mm thick crystals. Three channel reduction schemes are explored. The simplest scheme is row and column summing (R-C sum) of the photomultiplier tube channels. The second method is to only use channels with signals above a 1% threshold of the total signal (1% thres). The third method is to acquire a subset of PMT channels determined by the maximum signal channel (zone mask). The full width at half maximum (FWHM) intrinsic spatial resolution results for the central and corner sections of the detector are presented for each of the methods. All methods except R-C sum performed well for the central section of the detector. The 1% thres and zone mask schemes showed significant improvement for the corner section of the 6 mm thick crystal. All methods using a single depth look-up table had difficulty in the corner region for the 8 mm thick crystal. We believe this is caused by depth dependent edge effects on the light response function. Initial results using a depth dependent look-up table show improved positioning performance.

A novel rectangular shape differential CMOS split-drain Hall Effect magnetic field-effect transistor (MAGFET) was designed and fabricated employing a CMOS 0.5 m process. The detection and monitoring of single 2.8 m diameter magnetic beads was successfully performed using this MAGFET design. Based on the device modeling, simulation and the signal to noise ratio analysis, it was found that the optimal sensitivity can be achieved when the MAGFET channel width to length ratio is equal to 1.3. Further, it is shown through that when the MAGFET is scaled down, its SNR performance can sustain its peak, while being more sensitive to the geometry variations.

In this paper, we propose the technique classifying background area automatically by calculating the color variance in the RGB space of the picture. By this technique, the background classification robust to change of the background brightness and the background color was enabled. Moreover, we show the effectiveness of this technique by performing particle detection and verifying the result of counting. We aim at development of the particle detector which performs particle counting automatically about the "dispersion staining method" which is one of the processes of asbestos analysis. We used the pictures taken by phase contrast microscopy used for a "dispersion staining method."

The method of cosmic ray neutron sensing - soil moisture measurement at the hectometer scale non-invasively has turned out to be feasible by detecting environmental albedo neutron density. The key feature of the method is the exceptionally different behavior of hydrogen in its reflction power of neutrons generated by cosmic rays. It slows down fast neutrons whereas any other heavier element independent of the chemical composition rather reflects them. In the recent years the understanding of neutron transport by Monte-Carlo simulations led to major advancements in precision, which have been successfully targeted meanwhile by a manifold of experiments. Whereas the homogeneous conditions are well understood, inhomogeneous topologies are now in the focus of research. In our case these are applications for partial snow cover and mobile surveys, where the influence of the road material, which biased results towards lower soil moisture values, could be calculated, measured and analytically understood. Here we present the actual status of the method especially with respect to inhomogeneous terrain.

The world of detectors used in thermal neutron scattering instrumentation has changed. By alerts on the future Helium-3 supply, critical to perspectives of the large-scale research infrastructures the run on substitutional technologies started. Most of the solutions could be adapted from developments of particle physics and are comprised of one or more layers of Boron-10. The Time Projection Method achieves highest spatial and time information by high granular track reconstruction, here by the conversion products in a solid Boron-10 layer. Based on the experience of the CASCADE Detector installed at the Spin-Echo instruments RESEDA and MIRA at FRM II in Germany, the University of Bonn now develops two novel systems using the Time Projection Method. The BASTARD detector based on Gas Electron Multiplier foils aims for sub-millimeter resolution at highest count rates and the BODELAIRE detector based on TimePix chips aims for sub-100 micrometer resolution at medium count rates. Both systems increase the efficiency of a single layer of Boron-10 by stacking several consecutive units in beam direction. We present the actual status of the CASCADE project and the actual developments of the novel detector prototypes.

Pores or channels with diameters in the range of nanometers up to micrometers can be used as Coulter counting apertures to detect particles and organic molecules such as proteins. Coulter counting is performed by applying a constant potential across a nano-or micropore while recording the drop in ionic current upon passage of a molecule. Looking at the shape and duration of these current pulses enables us to estimate the size as well as the concentration of these molecules. Discrimination between different analytes can be performed by extracting appropriate features from the Coulter signals (events) and using them for classification. The challenge in being able to identify particular analytes is that a drop in current can also be caused by a molecule bouncing off the pore wall rather than moving through the micropore. Such drops are called nonevents and can be discriminated from the events using Support Vector Machines. In this paper, we consider the amplitude of the current drop and the duration of the current pulse as features to determine if an event occurred. The proposed approach uses the Dirichlet process mixture model to cluster the data in the feature domain as the type of the events in the signal record is unknown. Results obtained show that the Dirichlet process mixture model accurately finds the types of events and their count for each signal record.

A detailed study is presented of the expected performance of the ATLAS detector. The reconstruction of tracks, leptons, photons, missing energy and jets is investigated, together with the performance of b-tagging and the trigger. The physics potential for a variety of interesting physics processes, within the Standard Model and beyond, is examined. The study comprises a series of notes based on simulations of the detector and physics processes, with particular emphasis given to the data expected from the first years of operation of the LHC at CERN.

We introduce an original model of quantum phenomena, a model that provides a picture of a "deep structure", an "underlying pattern" of quantum dynamics. We propose that the source of a particle and all of that particle's possible detectors "talk" before the particle is finally observed by just one detector. These talks do not take place in physical time. They occur in what we call "hidden time". Talks are spatially organized in such a way that the model reproduces standard quantum probability amplitudes. This is most obviously seen if one uses R. Feynman's formulation of quantum theory. We prefer the "physical level" of mathematical strictness in describing our model.

In the last few years CMOS commercial technologies of the quarter micron node have been extensively used in the design of the readout electronics for highly granular detection systems in the particle physics environment. IC designers are now moving to 130 nm CMOS technologies, or even to the next technology generation, to implement readout integrated circuits for future HEP applications.

We examine a maximum-a-posteriori method for estimating the primary interaction position of gamma rays with multiple interaction sites (hits) in a monolithic detector. In assessing the performance of a multiple-hit estimator over that of a conventional one-hit estimator, we consider a few different detector and readout configurations of a 50-mm-wide square cerium-doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate block. For this study, we use simulated data from SCOUT, a Monte-Carlo tool for photon tracking and modeling scintillation- camera output. With this tool, we determine estimate bias and variance for a multiple-hit estimator and compare these with similar metrics for a one-hit maximum-likelihood estimator, which assumes full energy deposition in one hit. We also examine the effect of event filtering on these metrics; for this purpose, we use a likelihood threshold to reject signals that are not likely to have been produced under the assumed likelihood model. Depending on detector design, we observe a 1%-12% improvement of intrinsic resolution for a 1-or-2-hit estimator as compared with a 1-hit estimator. We also observe improved differentiation of photopeak events using a 1-or-2-hit estimator as compared with the 1-hit estimator; more than 6% of photopeak events that were rejected by likelihood filtering for the 1-hit estimator were accurately identified as photopeak events and positioned without loss of resolution by a 1-or-2-hit estimator; for PET, this equates to at least a 12% improvement in coincidence-detection efficiency with likelihood filtering applied.

Bisher werden zum effizienten Nachweis von thermischen Neutronen Detektoren auf Basis von Helium-3 eingesetzt, welches sowohl als Neutronenkonverter wie auch als Zählgas dient. Die weltweit gestiegene Nachfrage verlangt, einhergehend mit der limitierten Verfügbarkeit, nach der Entwicklung alternativer Technologien, insbesondere auch in Hinblick auf die ESS.
Der CASCADE-Detektor wurde zum Einsatz in der ortsaufgelösten Neutronen-Spinechospektroskopie entwickelt. Das neuartige Detektionssystem nutzt Bor-10 beschichtete Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) Folien, mittels deren Neutronenkonversion und nachfolgend Gasverstärkung der entstehenden Primärionisation erfolgt. Die Nachweiseffizienz wird damit durch die Zahl an Folien im Stapel erhöht.
Für die Anwendung in Spinechomessungen (MIEZE) mit thermischen Neutronen wird durch Auslesen des Ladungssignals an einzelnen GEM-Lagen die Konversionsschicht identifiziert und somit präzise die Neutronflugzeit bestimmt. Die kompakte Bauweise erlaubt in Kombination mit der hohen Zeitauflösung das Abbilden der wenige Zentimeter ausgedehnten Spinechogruppe.

Talk Presented at the Deutsche Tagung für Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Neutronen und Ionenstrahlen an Großgeräten, 2014