Physical Factors

Nowadays, most of people are faced with stress and like to keep calm, especially in their leisure time. So, community center plays an important role as the hub of community development. Nevertheless, the Malaysian community center is not being used effectively and these faces with lack of participation. The present paper is a review article aiming to present the important aspect for increasing participation in the Malaysian community center. The research is roughly divided into three phases that includes the development and assessment of: physical factors, functional factors and perceptual factors. This study tries to propose a design framework for the successful community center that enhance participation and integration in Malaysia.

The estimation of determinants of housing development patterns in international
border towns is essential to overcome some of the challenges facing development in
these areas. However, few studies have detailed physical factors and neighbourhood
characteristics as determinants of housing formation in international settlements. It is
in this respect that the researcher aimed at evaluating these factors as regard housing
formation pattern in international areas. The study systematically obtained the
opinion of selected 361 residents in three selected towns between Nigeria and Benin-
Republic using questionnaire instrument. Also, the relationship between housing
development pattern and the determinants was hypothesized based life-cycle model of
neighbourhood change using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Both models of
SEM – Measurement model and Structural model – adequately fit the study data.
From the structural model findings, it was discovered that both physical (0.13) and
neighbourhood factors (0.11) significantly have direct effects on housing development
pattern in international towns. Housing physical factors such as road network, land
features, dwelling accessibility and vegetation have indirect effect on housing pattern
just like neighbourhood factors in the area of drainage system, level of infrastructural
facilities, condition of space, and condition of foundation and land acquisition
finance. The study affirms that both physical factors and neighbourhood factors
largely and significantly influence housing formation patterns in the international
borders. Therefore, there is need for Nigeria government most specially to take

Problem statement: The path of human perception in the environment has always been through the connection of the human five senses with the physical factors in an architectural space. The process of perception by receiving environmental information through the human senses and then analyzing it in the mind that occurs after cognition leads to the creation of a sense in man. The most important feeling between man and place is called the sense of place. Due to the issue of the sense of place in the ‘60s and the importance of objective and functional issues in the modern era, the attention of theorists turned more to the human and semantic factors. Moreover, the physical themes that make up a sense of place and seem to be easy to avoid were less directly discussed. The position of physical factors, due to the inevitability of the physical elements in architecture, is clear, but given the process of perception as the link between man and the environment, a new perspective can be taken.
Research objective: The research aims to explain the position of physical factors in the process of human perception of the sense of place.
Research method: Due to the physical approach in this study, the phenomenologists’ theories were used. Besides, after classifying the concepts, the physical factors were placed in three functional, semantic, and aesthetic fields. In the first stage, the data were collected by the form of documentary and library studies and then field studies in the environment as exploratory observation and finally through interviews with targeted sampling.
Conclusion: The case study is one of the sidewalks of Mashhad, Iran; after analyzing and summarizing the analysis of the perception process, it was concluded that physical factors through initial perceptions have the greatest impact on feelings about the place on the sense of satisfaction and secondary perceptions that are achieved over time affect the sense of place. The method of analyzing the interviews is in the form of qualitative and thematic content analysis and open and central coding using the Maxqda software analysis (Version 12).

The estimation of determinants of housing development patterns in international
border towns is essential to overcome some of the challenges facing development in
these areas. However, few studies have detailed physical factors and neighbourhood
characteristics as determinants of housing formation in international settlements. It is
in this respect that the researcher aimed at evaluating these factors as regard housing
formation pattern in international areas. The study systematically obtained the
opinion of selected 361 residents in three selected towns between Nigeria and Benin-
Republic using questionnaire instrument. Also, the relationship between housing
development pattern and the determinants was hypothesized based life-cycle model of
neighbourhood change using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Both models of
SEM – Measurement model and Structural model – adequately fit the study data.
From the structural model findings, it was discovered that both physical (0.13) and
neighbourhood factors (0.11) significantly have direct effects on housing development
pattern in international towns. Housing physical factors such as road network, land
features, dwelling accessibility and vegetation have indirect effect on housing pattern
just like neighbourhood factors in the area of drainage system, level of infrastructural
facilities, condition of space, and condition of foundation and land acquisition
finance. The study affirms that both physical factors and neighbourhood factors
largely and significantly influence housing formation patterns in the international
borders. Therefore, there is need for Nigeria government most specially to take

Experiments in tropical rocky intertidal habitats across the globe have identified various effects of biological and physical factors on algal assemblage. High- and mid-intertidal rocky shores in tropical areas are exposed, with varying degrees, to the same physical factors such as temperature, heat, desiccation, shore height, supply of sediment and nutrients that affects temperate rocky shores. The degree of exposure to physical extremes however determines the structure of assemblage in most tropical rocky shores. The low shore is often controlled by biological factors, i.e., grazing and predation by mollusks, fishes, amphipods, crabs, and iguanas, while the high shore is mainly controlled by physical factors. It appears that the keystone species concept may not apply to tropical rocky shore communities. Reasons for this include indirect effects, overlapping food requirements and a diffuse predation due to a diverse set of assemblage that may mask the effect of one species. Present paper compare the several studies carried out in Hong Kong and Panama on tropical rocky shore consumer interactions. Studies on the effects of physical disturbances in coastal areas such as storms or typhoons are rare and there were little studies dealing with interactions of the sub tidal coralline algae and the low shore algae in tropical areas. More experimental work across a variety of spatial and temporal scales are therefore needed to determine significant biological and physical processes affecting the structure of algal assemblage across broad areas in the tropics.

The estimation of determinants of housing development patterns in international border towns is essential to overcome some of the challenges facing development in these areas. However, few studies have detailed physical factors and neighbourhood characteristics as determinants of housing formation in international settlements. It is in this respect that the researcher aimed at evaluating these factors as regard housing formation pattern in international areas. The study systematically obtained the opinion of selected 361 residents in three selected towns between Nigeria and Benin-Republic using questionnaire instrument. Also, the relationship between housing development pattern and the determinants was hypothesized based life-cycle model of neighbourhood change using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Both models of SEM-Measurement model and Structural model-adequately fit the study data. From the structural model findings, it was discovered that both physical (0.13) and neighbourhood factors (0.11) significantly have direct effects on housing development pattern in international towns. Housing physical factors such as road network, land features, dwelling accessibility and vegetation have indirect effect on housing pattern just like neighbourhood factors in the area of drainage system, level of infrastructural facilities, condition of space, and condition of foundation and land acquisition finance. The study affirms that both physical factors and neighbourhood factors largely and significantly influence housing formation patterns in the international borders. Therefore, there is need for Nigeria government most specially to take cognizance of these important factors when formulating or developing her housing development plan. OJO Oladimeji Olusola, OPOKO Akunnaya Pearl, OLOTUAH Abiodun Olukayode and OLUWATAYO Adedapo Adewunmi

Today, due to global competition increase, cities are looking for the ways to increase their competitive position among other cities Tourism is a factor in urban competitiveness. Tourism, as the factor that improves urban competitiveness through tourism in national and international markets, caused to facilitate planning for the development of cities. This is an applied which is based on the exploratory factor analysis (Q) method as a mixed or combined method and 50 experts were selected by purposive sampling on the subject of research.  In the qualitative stage and based on the summary of the discourse space from 50 propositions, finally 36 propositions were selected for the Q sample. In the qualitative stage after collecting the information obtained from the Q-sorting, the Q-factor analysis method was used; it is the main method to analyze the Q-data matrix. They were analyzed by varimax rotation method. SPSS software was used to discover the existing mental patterns identifying the influential variables by calculating factor scores. Using research indicators, 5 different mental models or factors with a total variance of 82.27% were calculated including political-institutional, economic, socio-cultural, physical and environmental factors. The variables were categorized in order of priority; in political-institutional factors, the variable of macro-government policies regarding the region, in economic factors, the appropriateness of the price of tourism services, in socio-cultural factors, increasing the culture of tourism, in physical factors, development of tourism facilities and services and in the environmental factor, climate change had the highest scores in each factor, respectively. Generally, the physical factor has a more specific value than other factors and is more important.
Extended Abstract
1-Introduction
As global competition increases, urban destinations are always looking for ways to increase their competitiveness, which strengthens their position in competition with other urban areas. Urban competitiveness is an economic concept and includes business improvement, employment rate, business environment, raising capital with the aim of increasing income, unemployment decrease leading to the increase in quality and living standards. Tourism development is an important determinant of competitiveness. Kermanshah city has unique features at the regional and national level including strategic location, efficient cultural and tourist features, and centrality of medical facilities in the west of the country, diversity of tourist attractions, border and ease of communication with neighboring countries. However, despite the great potential in the field of tourism, the city has not yet found its place as it is not in a good economic position. Understanding the factors that improve urban competitiveness in national and international markets helps to more effectively identify the current situation of cities and to formulate and implement more effective development policies in a targeted manner. Therefore, due to the nature of the study, this study was conducted to identify key factors affecting the future of competitiveness in Kermanshah through tourism.
2-Materials and Methods
This research is fundamental and applied according to theoretical approaches and research objectives. Its method is mixed and the research strategy is deductive. Data were collected in two forms including library and field. The sampling method was purposeful. The statistical population is 50 experts; the Q technique was used to obtain the required data. First, by using library studies and interviews, the influential factors in tourism and urban competitiveness were identified. Then, through surveys and interviews with academic elites and urban affairs experts, which is a specialized survey to predict the future, a cognitive map was determined to identify and evaluate the effective factors. At the end of this step, each factor was entered as one of the sample Q propositions on cards with the same appearance. Participants ranked the Q cards on the chart in order of importance based on their point of view. For statistical analysis of sorting data, Q factor analysis method was used to measure the correlation among the participants. Individuals were categorized according to their attitudes. The identified factors were interpreted based on the rotated factor matrix and the highest factor scores were calculated by comparative analysis.
3- Results and Discussion
This research has analyzed the issue with its exploratory nature using the indicators of urban competitiveness and sustainable development. It has had a comprehensive approach to tourism competitiveness. Factors were divided into 5 categories including political-institutional, economic, socio-cultural, physical and environmental factors. These factors have been supported in separate studies. Political-institutional factors, Economic factors, Socio-cultural factors, Physical factors and environmental factors have been studied. However, power and rent cause competition among the regions and cities in the political-institutional dimensions by mobilizing resources and attracting capital, although the current study has not considered such an issue. Physical factors have more special advantages than other influential factors. Infrastructure in physical indicators causes permanence, loyalty and the desire for tourists to visit the city of Kermanshah again.  The development of appropriate medical infrastructure and intelligence affects the competitiveness of tourist destinations and the central and historical context of the city expresses the identity of the city. Besides, urban competitiveness is considered in the physical factors, which is promoted through the creation of the creative city.
In general, the findings from this study showed that knowledge of the effective factors obtained in this study have a great impact on the present and future of the city. Moreover, it revealed that it provides the necessary grounds for achieving urban competitiveness through tourism in the study area by planning and using the resources and capabilities of the city and controlling operations.
4- Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis, 36 statements were divided into five factors including political-institutional, economic, socio-cultural, physical and environmental factors. Accordingly, the first group includes 10 people, the second group includes 9 people, the third group includes 10 people, the fourth group includes 16 people and the fifth group includes 5 experts. In the political-institutional factor, the variable of "macro-government policies regarding the region", in the economic factor, the variable of "appropriateness of the price of tourism services", in the socio-cultural factor, the variable of "increasing the culture of tourism", in the physical factor, the variable of "development of facilities and Tourism services", and in the environmental factor, , the variable of "Climate Change", had the highest factor score among the existing propositions in each factor. The results of this study showed that in general, the physical factor had a higher score than other factors in urban competitiveness through tourism. Because in today's competitive world, it is not possible to attract tourists just by having tourist areas and cultural and natural attractions. The issue of sustainability and satisfaction of tourists through physical factors is more important than other categories. Therefore, it is suggested to the managers to provide the necessary ground for the competitiveness of this city and the development of tourism and its infrastructure through strategic planning and long-term and short-term plans.

Being in an environment, which causes stress, anxiety and uncertainty, are some of the elements, which have an influence on the well-being of human beings. Health care providers, health care receivers and health care workers all universally agree upon the fact that the aforementioned elements are undesirable and that there exists a relationship between certain factors of the environment and its influence on patients' well-being. Several researchers such as Sakallaris, Macallister, Voss, Smith, & Jonas (2015), Ulrich et al. (2006) and Van den Berg (2005) agree that well-being depends upon individual perspectives and that there exists a positive 'symbiotic' relationship between physical factors within the environment and non-physical factors (namely the social and psychological factors). The central objective of this study focused on determining to what extent physical factors, psychological and social factors of the current design of hospital healing environments of Surinamese hospital wards influence the self-perception of patient well-being. To identify the determining factors and the extent to which they could have influence on the self-perception of a patients' well-being, a quantitative study approach was used. The measuring instrument utilized for measuring well-being of patients was the WHO-5 Well-Being Index Scale as it has been proved to be a good measurement tool for measuring well-being among patients. The study of what the influencing factors of the healing environment on our well-being is, is still an ongoing debate amongst researchers. Therefore, the focus of this study was towards identifying the factors which arose out of the literature and which proposes a relationship between the physical and social and psychological factors and the influence on in-patients self perceived well-being. Through literature review, 28 variables (factors) where chosen and 14 dimensions have been identified for the Hospital Healing Environment (HHE). The dimensions have been separated into physical factors and social and psychological factors. The results from the collected data from the respondents (n=401) reveal that for the physical factors only the dimensions of PF-Scent [Beta:.116, p < .05] and PF-Service [Beta: .179, p < 0.05] revealed enough statistical significant evidence as being a positive influence on Self-Perceived Patient Well Being (SPPWB). The research also found that for sec psychological factors, the dimension of PsF-Privacy and Safety [Beta: .114. p < .05] and for sec social factors, the dimension of SF-Service [Beta:.1173. p< .05] revealed enough statistical significant evidence as being a positive influence on Self-Perceived Patient Well-Being (SPPWB). It is also revealed that Length of Stay (LOS) both moderates the relationship between physical, psychological and social factors positively and no moderation could be found for Type of Room/Hospital Room Classification (ToR/HRC). Also no mediating effect has been found for social and psychological factors on the relationship between physical factors and patient self-perceived well-being. As hospitals of the 21st century strategically are gradually moving more towards becoming patient-centered institutions, than the results and recommendations derived from this study has implications for the application of Evidence Based Design for future hospitals. This study recommends that certain strategic policies should be undertaken by the management of hospitals regarding the redesign or creation of a Healing Environment for a Hospital.

The estimation of determinants of housing development patterns in international border towns is essential to overcome some of the challenges facing development in these areas. However, few studies have detailed physical factors and neighbourhood characteristics as determinants of housing formation in international settlements. It is in this respect that the researcher aimed at evaluating these factors as regard housing formation pattern in international areas. The study systematically obtained the opinion of selected 361 residents in three selected towns between Nigeria and Benin-Republic using questionnaire instrument. Also, the relationship between housing development pattern and the determinants was hypothesized based life-cycle model of neighbourhood change using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Both models of SEM-Measurement model and Structural model-adequately fit the study data. From the structural model findings, it was discovered that both physical (0.13) and neighbourhood factors (0.11) significantly have direct effects on housing development pattern in international towns. Housing physical factors such as road network, land features, dwelling accessibility and vegetation have indirect effect on housing pattern just like neighbourhood factors in the area of drainage system, level of infrastructural facilities, condition of space, and condition of foundation and land acquisition finance. The study affirms that both physical factors and neighbourhood factors largely and significantly influence housing formation patterns in the international borders. Therefore, there is need for Nigeria government most specially to take Oladimeji Olusola Ojo, OPOKO Akunnaya Pearl, OLUWATAYO Adedapo Adewunmi and OLOTUAH Abiodun Olukayode

Problem statement: The path of human perception in the environment has always been through the connection of the human five senses with the physical factors in an architectural space. The process of perception by receiving environmental information through the human senses and then analyzing it in the mind that occurs after cognition leads to the creation of a sense in man. The most important feeling between man and place is called the sense of place. Due to the issue of the sense of place in the ‘60s and the importance of objective and functional issues in the modern era, the attention of theorists turned more to the human and semantic factors. Moreover, the physical themes that make up a sense of place and seem to be easy to avoid were less directly discussed. The position of physical factors, due to the inevitability of the physical elements in architecture, is clear, but given the process of perception as the link between man and the environment, a new perspective can be taken. ...