Political Skills

"Entrepreneurship is challenging, whatever your background, in the current science- and technology-driven Western world. However, unlike traditionally dominant, native-born, white male entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley and elsewhere, those who face greater hurdles blocking their path to success primarily come from marginalized and minority groups, both real and self-perceived—including immigrants, refugees, women, blacks, Hispanics, and Asians. Despite their potential to innovate and add value in the global marketplace, they persistently struggle, or fail, because they lack the requisite code-breaking skills. This book helps these underdog entrepreneurs acquire those skills with actionable advice to achieve and sustain success.

It proposes a framework that pinpoints what the author calls the outsider problem—that is, situations in which individuals are primarily disadvantaged because they lack access to networks that facilitate superior learning and performance outcomes. He completes the framework by incorporating personal qualities and strategies that can solve this problem.

Along the way, Morgan distills insights and evidence from multiple fields, combined with a fresh look at the familiar stories of initially marginalized business leaders, such as Indra Nooyi, Jack Ma, Hilary Devey and Mike Lazaridis. He also shares the less known, but equally inspiring stories of others.

This book will help readers thrive while transcending their underdog status."

The current study aimed to expand our knowledge regarding social work students' willingness to engage in policy practice (EPP). A theoretical model integrating the Big Five personality framework with the 'Civic Voluntarism Model' (CVM) was examined, using a sample of 160 social work students in Israel. Findings revealed a moderate level of EPP willingness. Among the CVM predictors, political skills, political knowledge and political interest were significantly positively associated with social work stu-dents' EPP willingness. Among the Big Five traits, extroversion, conscientiousness and openness to experience were significantly associated with EPP willingness. Path analysis showed that political skills were the strongest predictor of EPP willingness and that political skills and extroversion had a direct effect on EPP willingness. The significant mediation paths demonstrated the dynamics by which the study predictors interacted in explaining 49 per cent of the variance in EPP willingness. The study concluded that the examination of a model incorporating the Big Five personality traits and modified CVM predictors provided a comprehensive understanding of EPP willingness and, therefore, should be adopted to explain social workers' actual engagement in policy practice.

The present study has the purpose to inspect the relationship and impact of emotional intelligence and political skills on turnover intention. For the purpose of study, a sample of 171 employees have taken from the four different public sector universities (Bahauddin Zakariya University, University of Education, Air University and National university of Modern Languages) of Multan city, Pakistan. The data was collected through an adopted survey questionnaires and was recorded in SPSS 22 for the purpose of analysis. The four dimensions of emotional intelligence and political skills were also analyzed. To test the hypothesis we used inter correlation matrix and regression analysis. The results indicated that emotional intelligence and its four dimensions are significant and negatively correlated and the four dimensions of political skills are also negatively correlated to turnover intentions. Regression results show that emotional intelligence is significant and a strong predictor but political skills are a weak and insignificant predictor of turnover intentions. The result can help in practical implication that organizations can provide their employees as a strong emotional intelligence training to empower their employees and to reduce turnover intentions. The research highlighted the results from a different sector which can be beneficial.

This study aims at understanding the impact of intrapreneurial skill (IS) on intrapreneur’s performance (IPER) with mediation of rewards (RWD) in the software houses in Pakistan. The study employed Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for the empirical analysis of data from 517 respondents employed by software houses of Pakistan. The results confirmed positive and significant relationship between intrapreneur’s skills and intrapreneur’s performance. Mediating role of reward was also confirmed between intrapreneur’s skills and intrapreneur’s performance. The findings of the study indicate towards the important role that intrapreneur’s skills including political skills, creativity and transformational leadership can play to attain intrapreneur’s performance. The study also highlights the important role of rewards which through their mediation can further improve intrapreneur’s performance based on intrapreneur’s skills. The study implies that the managers of the firms can use the findings of this study to find the potential intrapreneurs and manage rewards to enhance their intrapreneurial performance.

Customers perception of service quality presentation is becoming an increasingly important issue in preservation of exclusive strong-tie relationships between organization and customer. The quality of service is assessed according to the customers expectation about the perceived service quality. Due to this, promoting the quality of presented services, with appearance of voluntary and willingly behaviors that are known as Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), provides employees with behaviors in order to go above and beyond the call of duty. This study investigates the features of employees OCB and the relationship of these features with variables, namely occupational self-efficacy, political skills, and organizational commitment. For this end, a questionnaire was distributed among the employees of Ardabil Gas Company. The data analysis revealed that it is important to improve employees OCB, which would result in their remarkable ability in meeting peoples demands and providing high quality services for customers. It can be argued that for improving the organizational commitment and political skills of employees, managers can take steps to create motivation among employees by rewarding and encouraging them to become highly involved in their work.

Öz
Bu araştırmanın amacı, yöneticilerin kişilik özelliklerinin politik yeteneklerine etkisini incelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini, Malatya ilinde sağlık sektöründe görevli 468 çalışan oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada veri toplamak amacıyla anket yöntemi
kullanılmıştır. Anketten elde edilen veriler, SPSS 21 ve AMOS 24 paket programlarında ölçek geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik, korelasyon ve çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizlerine tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırma bulgularına göre; yöneticilerin politik yeteneklerindeki %62 oranındaki değişimin yöneticilerin kişilik özellikleri tarafından açıklandığı; yöneticilerin dışa dönüklük, deneyime açıklık, öz disiplin ve uyumluluk özelliklerinin yöneticilerin politik yeteneği ve alt boyutlarını pozitif olarak; nevrotiklik özelliğinin ise
negatif olarak etkilediği görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte uyumluluk kişilik özelliğinin politik yeteneğin ilişki ağı kurma boyutunu etkilemediği ve yöneticilerin kişilik özelliklerinin en fazla politik yeteneğin sosyal zekâ boyutunu (%59) etkilediği görülmüştür.
Araştırmanın yöneticilik, kişilik ve politik yetenek ile ilgili literatüre katkı sağlayacağı ve gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalara ışık tutacağı düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Yöneticilik, Kişilik, Beş Faktör Kişilik Özellikleri, Politik Yetenek, Sağlık Sektörü.

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of managers' personality traits on their political skills. The sample of the study consists of 468 employees working in the health sector in Malatya city of Turkey. Questionnaire method was used to collect data in the study. The data obtained from the survey were subjected to scale validity and reliability, correlation and multiple linear regression analysis in SPSS 21 and AMOS 24 package programs. According to the research findings; it was observed that 62% change in the political skills of the managers was explained by the personality traits of managers;
the managers’ extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness and agreeableness traits positively affected the managers’political skill and its sub-dimensions. But, the neuroticism trait negatively affected. Also, it was observed that the
agreeableness trait did not affect the networking ability dimension of the political skill and personality traits of the managers mostly affected the social astuteness dimension (59%) of the political skill. It is thought that the research will contribute to
the literature on management, personality, political skills and shed light on future researches.

Keywords: Management, Personality, Five Factor Personality Traits, Political Skill, Health Sector.

This study aims at understanding the impact of intrapreneurial skill (IS) on intrapreneur’s performance (IPER) with mediation of rewards (RWD) in the software houses in Pakistan. The study employed Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for the empirical analysis of data from 517 respondents employed by software houses of Pakistan. The results confirmed positive and significant relationship between intrapreneur’s skills and intrapreneur’s performance. Mediating role of reward was also confirmed between intrapreneur’s skills and intrapreneur’s performance. The findings of the study indicate towards the important role that intrapreneur’s skills including political skills, creativity and transformational leadership can play to attain intrapreneur’s performance. The study also highlights the important role of rewards which through their mediation can further improve intrapreneur’s performance based on intrapreneur’s skills. The study implies that the managers of the firms can use the findings of this study to find the potential intrapreneurs and manage rewards to enhance their intrapreneurial performance.

The purpose of this study is to understand the relationship between perceived organizational politics and its relationship with leadership styles (Transformational& Transactional) in public sector organizations.The most effective leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was used for the purpose of data collection. The questions were about superior’s styles of leadership and five point item scale was used to measure organizational politics. The permission was taken and the data was collected with high discretion. The sampling technique used was “Convenient Sampling” in two local government public Universities. The data was analyzed in SPSS v 20, and mean, correlation and standard deviation tests were applied.The research gave the two types of finding, one with transformational leadership style and the other with transactional leadership style. The results showed the positive relation of organizational politics with transactional leadership and negative relation with transformational leadership. Other techniques can also be used like interviews and observational methods but they are time consuming. We can also increase the sample size and add the variable of Performance. It would be helpful for manager to understand that which leadership style supports more the different political situations.The results are specifically based on public sector universities which give the clear result of relationship between perceived organizational politics and leadership styles.

Customer's perception of service quality presentation is becoming an increasingly important issue in preservation of exclusive strong-tie relationships between organization and customer. The quality of service is assessed according to the customer's expectation about the perceived service quality. Due to this, promoting the quality of presented services, with appearance of voluntary and willingly behaviors that are known as Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), provides employees with behaviors in order to go above and beyond the call of duty. This study investigates the features of employees' OCB and the relationship of these features with variables, namely occupational self-efficacy, political skills, and organizational commitment. For this end, a questionnaire was distributed among the employees of Ardabil Gas Company. The data analysis revealed that it is important to improve employees' OCB, which would result in their remarkable ability in meeting people's demands and providing high quality services for customers. It can be argued that for improving the organizational commitment and political skills of employees, managers can take steps to create motivation among employees by rewarding and encouraging them to become highly involved in their work.

Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD and Oxford, 2003.

248 pp.

ISBN 07425 2852-9 (hb)

ISBN 07425 2853-7 (pb).

What is political leadership and does it operate differently in different political contexts? In addition to context, personal political skill plays a large role in the area of leadership, often yielding significant results. Whether a leader is active or passive, creating dynamic relations of talent and institutional powers or choosing to leave situations as they are, skill is frequently the key factor in policy achievement.

In this book, editors Hargrove and Owens gather seven very different studies of skill in context. From the role of the European Commission president to the well established function of the president of the United States, each essay analyzes and interprets the effects of institutional powers and the environments in which leaders operate on their effectiveness and degree of personal talent each brings to the table.

The seven essays in this work explore important questions that are at the heart of the understanding of political leadership. What are the relationships among personal political skill, the strength or weakness of institutional roles available to leaders, and the changing historical and political contexts within which leades act? Politicians with agendas for change seek to create dynamic relations of talent, institutional powers and the politics of strategic leadership in the environments that they face. Passive leaders may leave things as they are or inadvertently stimulate new political opposition. Institutional powers may strengthn the hand of less skillful politicians if the environment is favorable. And political climates will vary greatly in the degrees to which they are favorable to potentially skillful leadership. Effective leadership may be successful by a hair's breadth, or it may be over determined by context.


CONTENTS

Leadership in Context - Erwin C. Hargrove, John E. Owens

Presidential Leadership: Skill in Context - Erwin C. Hargrove

Late Twentieth Century Congressional Leaders as Shapers of and Hostages to Political Context: Gingrich, Hastert, and Lott
- John E. Owens

Political Skills and Context in Prime Ministerial Leadership in Britian - Kevin Theakston

The Prime Minister in Canada and the Rise of Personalized Leadership - Colin Campbell

Comparing Jacques Delors and Jacques Santer as Presidents of the European Commission: Skill in Supranational Context - Christopher J. Lord

The Leadership Styles of the German Chancellors from Schmidt to Schröder - Christine Margerum Harlen

The Essence of Presidential Leadership in France: Pompidou, Giscard, Mitterand, and Chirac as Coalition Builders - David Scott Bell
"

The aim of the present study is to systematically study the meta-analysis method of theoretical models and research conducted in the field of skills of professional managers.Statistical Society of Research; The research resources collected in the last ten years are in the field of managers' skills. Out of a total of 86 articles selected from reputable domestic and foreign databases, 46 were selected for targeted purposes, of which; 21 indicators were identified and finally 5 components were extracted as final components. In this research, first, with the analysis of managers 'skills, coding and classification of information were performed from the researches and the models, theoretical foundations of managers' skills and main categories and themes were extracted. In the next step, the analysis of inductive content and a combination of these categories and the results of this analysis and combinations, the extraction of a conceptual framework in the field of managers' skills around the five main axes, economic, socio-communication, technological, political and cultural components.
Introduction
Human resources are the wealth of a nation and an organization, and the backbone of any organization is shaped by its human resources. IN order to staff and given the importance of education, organizations strive to grow and develop their workforce and adapt to the conditions by looking at the growth of science and technology and the wide range of developments in the cultural, social and economic fields. One of the best ways to achieve this goal is to provide in-service training for managers and staff. In-service training programs for managers are effective when they are based on their real needs and they volunteer to participate in training. Important in in-service training is skills training, while one of the problems in the training sector, especially in our country, is the lack of a clear pattern of development and therefore the uncertainty of the appropriate direction of skills training in the country). In order to benefit from skills at the individual level that lead to value and excellence and at the organizational level to improve and develop, it is necessary to define criteria for assessing the expected skills of managers and employees of the administrative system to make decisions based on training programs.