Archaeological assemblages in the American southwest often include turkey gizzard stones but what do they mean? How can archaeologists learn from this small, colorful but durable ecofact; this recycled lithic artifact or potsherd? How do... more
Archaeological assemblages in the American southwest often include turkey gizzard stones but what do they mean? How can archaeologists learn from this small, colorful but durable ecofact; this recycled lithic artifact or potsherd? How do they function in the living turkey and how do they enter the archaeological record? Identification and context are the keys to accurate interpretation. This long-term study of modern wild turkey gizzard stones and clusters from archaeological turkey burials, attempts to characterize the normal ranges of variation and add value to the interpretative process. Where turkeys were kept prehistorically, gizzard stones can help inform archaeologists about cultural and agricultural practices. Even when preservation is poor, gizzard stones are clear evidence of ancient turkeys. Sand Canyon Pueblo, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, photo by David Grimes
The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) represents one of the few domestic animals of the New World. While current research points to distinct domestication centres in the Southwest USA and Mesoamerica, several questions regarding the number of... more
The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) represents one of the few domestic animals of the New World. While current research points to distinct domestication centres in the Southwest USA and Mesoamerica, several questions regarding the number of progenitor populations, and the timing and intensity of turkey husbandry remain unanswered. This study applied ancient mitochondrial DNA and stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N) analysis to 55 archaeological turkey remains from Mexico to investigate pre-contact turkey exploitation in Mesoamerica. Three different (sub)species of turkeys were identified in the archaeological record (M. g. mexicana, M. g. gallopavo and M. ocellata), indicating the exploitation of diverse local populations, as well as the trade of captively reared birds into the Maya area. No evidence of shared maternal haplotypes was observed between Mesoamerica and the Southwest USA, in contrast with archaeological evidence for trade of other domestic products. Isotopic analysis indicates a range of feeding behaviours in ancient Mesoamerican turkeys, including wild foraging, human provisioning and mixed feeding ecologies. This variability in turkey diet decreases through time, with archaeological, genetic and isotopic evidence all pointing to the intensification of domestic turkey management and husbandry, culminating in the Postclassic period.
