Pysics

This paper describes an operational space settlement mission called Njord and has proposed various designs in this context. Factors such as resource need, research curiosity, development and expansionism, which are the architects of the development of modern humanity, are among the reasons for the establishment of Njord. Njord will create a sustainable and strong bridge between Inner Solar System and Outer Solar System. Operational activities are carried out under the control of Njord Alpha and Njord Beta stations. Njord Alpha and Njord Beta are proposed to be built in LEO, and orbit cleaning missions have been created to eliminate hazards. The vehicles are placed in different permanent locations to carry out different missions for the same goal. While Njord Alpha is proposed to permanently settle at the Earth-Moon L1 point, it is proposed that Njord Beta be placed in the Low Mars orbit so that it can be a stepping board for the Outer Solar System. Both vehicles contain two types of rotating habitats, spiral and torus. Units attached to the main chassis, excluding habitats, are not rotated. The spirals are responsible for the management of the station and official authorities are located here. These can be thought of as the capital of Njord main stations. Toruses, on the other hand, are produced thanks to the designed mechanism and survive independently in different regions of free space thanks to the expansion algorithm. The production of toruses is never static and toruses are in constant expansion. Solar energy systems for the primary energy source of habitats and stations are discussed. Various systems have been proposed to make more use of solar energy, which cannot be met at the desired rate due to operational activities. The solar energy storage problem has been examined, an alternative system experiment is designed as a solution to this problem and its results are discussed. It was predicted that only solar energy would be insufficient to meet all needs and the use of fusion reactors was encouraged. In order to meet the helium-3 required for the specified fusion type, a helium-3 extractor design with a lunar mission was proposed. The commercial opportunities this helium-3 will create have also been discussed. Innovative developments have been made on the electricity generation phase of the fusion reactors to meet the main water needs of habitats. In addition, analyzes were made on the nutritional needs of living things. Hydroponic systems were used instead of soil to carry out agricultural activities; animals were used with various cycles. The issue of food waste has been emphasized. An active shield has been proposed against the radiation hazard threatening life, and the calculations made for the changing amount of radiation to save energy are supported by the software. Research has been conducted on different generations to determine the people to be selected for the habitats of Njord that have been made suitable for life. The characteristics of the people to be included in the space mission were determined by the surveys. The human factor has been evaluated in detail and various suggestions have been made to meet people's needs. It is planned to send toruses to the asteroid belt and to carry out asteroid mining missions here in order to ensure a sustainable expansion in Mars and beyond. A design proposal has been made for asteroid mining. With the support of the Njord Beta vehicle carrying out Mars missions, it has been proposed to establish Mars Hotel in order to enable any person from the world to gain space and Mars experience. Investors around the world have also been given the opportunity to raise funds to establish new hotels and double-sided gain has been achieved. An experiment was designed to pave the way for agriculture on Mars, and the results of this experiment were discussed. Njord Generation-1 has implemented the concept of "interplanetary human" permanently and sustainably while building a bridge between Inner Solar System and Outer Solar System. Njord Generation-2 is expected for the concept of “interstellar human".

Discrete emission line spectra of hydrogen is observed and measured
using diraction grating spectrometry to obtain the respective wavelengths of the four visible lines in the Balmer series. Using the known corresponding energy levels for the Balmer lines and observed wavelengths substituted into Rydberg's formula, an experimental value of Rydberg's constant is found Rexp = 1:095  107m􀀀1 and compared to the accepted value R = 1:097  107m􀀀1. The empirical results are within acceptable limits with an error dierence of 0.26%.

The pt-differential inclusive production cross section of the prompt charm-strange meson D_s in the rapidity range| y|< 0.5 was measured in proton--proton collisions at sqrt (s)= 7 TeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The analysis was performed on a data sample of 2.98 10^ 8 events collected with a minimum-bias trigger. The corresponding integrated luminosity is L_int= 4.8 nb^-1. Reconstructing the decay D_s-.> phi pi, with phi-> KK, and its charge conjugate, about 480 D_s mesons were counted, after selection cuts, in the ...

The pt-differential inclusive production cross section of the prompt charm-strange meson D_s in the rapidity range| y|< 0.5 was measured in proton--proton collisions at sqrt (s)= 7 TeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The analysis was performed on a data sample of 2.98 10^ 8 events collected with a minimum-bias trigger. The corresponding integrated luminosity is L_int= 4.8 nb^-1. Reconstructing the decay D_s-.> phi pi, with phi-> KK, and its charge conjugate, about 480 D_s mesons were counted, after selection cuts, in the ...

We visualized a curvature path as a portion of irregular arc during the motion of particles with velocity v which is comparable to the speed of light c. This is slightly conflicts with the calculations of Lorentz's time dilation and reflects a new considered type of movement for the motion of objects without falling under the influence of other forces but under the impact of the movement of the body itself. We succeed to modify Lorentz's relativistic coefficient ɣ for time dilation in terms of    formula for obtaining the length of irregular arc, where b and h are their base and height, and K is a constant. The relativistic Lorentz's coefficient    becomes    . The calculated values of relativistic time t, Lorentz's relativistic coefficient ɣ and path length ℓ for muons are 17.29 µs, 7.92 and 5135.13 m, which are higher than that of Lorentz's (15.574 µs, 7.09 and 4625.48 m).  Our results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of spiral path motion and understand a new meaning of speed changing spatially not temporally.

Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is described in terms of a polarizable quantum vacuum.  Electromagnetic wavelength increase corresponds to apparent time dilation while a frequency increase corresponds to apparent space contraction as a result of an energy density gradient.  Gravitational attraction in an optical theory of gravity arises as a result of a polarizable vacuum (PV) with a variable refractive index.  The gravitational potential well and EM energy density hill for a central mass object is depicted in tangent space.  The acceleration of gravity is a measure of the spectral energy density gradient.  Mass in motion generates a mass current with an associated gravitomagnetic and cogravitation field.

The pt-differential inclusive production cross section of the prompt charm-strange meson D_s in the rapidity range| y|< 0.5 was measured in proton--proton collisions at sqrt (s)= 7 TeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The analysis was performed on a data sample of 2.98 10^ 8 events collected with a minimum-bias trigger. The corresponding integrated luminosity is L_int= 4.8 nb^-1. Reconstructing the decay D_s-.> phi pi, with phi-> KK, and its charge conjugate, about 480 D_s mesons were counted, after selection cuts, in the ...

The pt-differential inclusive production cross section of the prompt charm-strange meson D_s in the rapidity range| y|< 0.5 was measured in proton--proton collisions at sqrt (s)= 7 TeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The analysis was performed on a data sample of 2.98 10^ 8 events collected with a minimum-bias trigger. The corresponding integrated luminosity is L_int= 4.8 nb^-1. Reconstructing the decay D_s-.> phi pi, with phi-> KK, and its charge conjugate, about 480 D_s mesons were counted, after selection cuts, in the ...

The pt-differential inclusive production cross section of the prompt charm-strange meson D_s in the rapidity range| y|< 0.5 was measured in proton--proton collisions at sqrt (s)= 7 TeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The analysis was performed on a data sample of 2.98 10^ 8 events collected with a minimum-bias trigger. The corresponding integrated luminosity is L_int= 4.8 nb^-1. Reconstructing the decay D_s-.> phi pi, with phi-> KK, and its charge conjugate, about 480 D_s mesons were counted, after selection cuts, in the ...

Today, scientists unanimously agree that this earth will not last forever. In 2005, the then NASA Administrator Michael Griffin revealed to the Washington Post how scientific research is ongoing for an outer space settlement. Griffin said, “There will be another mass-extinction event. If we humans want to survive for hundreds of thousands or millions of years, we must ultimately populate other planets.” He continued, “I'm talking about that one day, I don't know when that day is, but there will be more human beings who live off the Earth than on it.”  Human beings are looking for refugee camps in outer space. That is the Big Bang apocalypse theory of science. The earth will not endure forever.