A key factor in understanding a city-region is the daily flows of people between its constituent parts. Mapping of the commuter field may help delineate the functional extent of the region, clarify challenges of transport efficiency,... more
A key factor in understanding a city-region is the daily flows of people between its constituent parts. Mapping of the commuter field may help delineate the functional extent of the region, clarify challenges of transport efficiency, access and affordability, and reveal the impact of key transport interventions over time. It may also elucidate social dimensions of life in the region, notably patterns of inequality between groups. Data from the Gauteng City-Region Observatory’s (GCRO) 2013 Quality of Life Survey were used to map trips to work made by white and (separately) African respondents. The maps illustrate the functional extent of the city-region as well as ongoing racial disparities in geographic access-to-work opportunities in a region historically patterned by apartheid spatial forms. While there is significant continuity from the past, there are also some surprising new trends.
This chapter will focus on the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) and scrutinize whether AI is used to reinforce the social construct of racism or if it promises to provide opportunity and justice in areas where previously they... more
This chapter will focus on the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) and scrutinize whether AI is used to reinforce the social construct of racism or if it promises to provide opportunity and justice in areas where previously they lacked. Throughout this chapter, common examples of the everyday use of AI will be discussed to provide an understanding of how this technology has permeated through multiple sectors of life with the intention to continuously expand. This chapter will also explore the notion of AI inheriting the bias of its creator. This brings into question who is building this technology, how this technology should be used, and who is the intended beneficiary of its use. For the experts and novices in the field, this chapter calls for critical consideration for what is being developed. For the individuals unfamiliar with AI, this chapter is intended to bring awareness of the technology being used around them and how it has already impacted their life.
