Raw Material

Most of the Ceramic SMEs face problems with numerical and chemical aspects of glaze calculations. These problems arise for the differentiations of the available in the market raw materials and the need to combine the existing ones in order to produce a non ...

The monograph "Geology and Non-traditional resources of the Black Sea" examines the origin, properties and application of deep sea organogenic mineral sediments (DSOMS) formed during the newest ages of the geological history of the Black Sea. It examines also the natural conditions influencing the formation of the sediment complex and the mineral resources. The Black Sea is seen as a unique natural geobiotechnological reactor capable of generating specific geological resources. The object of this study is the Black Sea bottom and more specifically the Bulgarian economic zone and the western region of the Black Sea and the subject of the study is the origin, the properties and the distribution of deep sea organogenic mineral sediments (DSOMS) and the evaluation of the possibilities to use them as a complex raw material. This paper lays the foundations of the application of a new type of complex raw material from the bottom of the Black Sea and examines the composition, the properties, the distribution and the origin of DSOMS as well as the possible spheres of their economic application and extraction.

Una empresa del sector metalmecánico de origen Colombiano presentaba constantes fallas en el proceso de recepción y entrega interna de materias primas importadas, para lo cual se decide reunir a un equipo interdisciplinario interno en la compañía para desarrollar e implementar la metodología de Análisis de Modo de Falla y Efecto (AMFE), para evaluar el proceso, detectar sus debilidades más grandes, y entender cuáles son los principales puntos de control para atacar los riesgos con mayor probabilidad de materializarse.

A Colombian company from the metalworking sector had constant failures in the process of receiving and intern delivery of imported raw materials, for which it was decided to bring together an internal interdisciplinary team from the company to develop and implement the methodology of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), to evaluate the process, detect its greatest weaknesses, and understand which are the main control points to attack the risks that are most likely to materialize.

As the last one of a series of ten monographies, the above title covers a summary of basic resesarch projects carried out in the primary and secondary sources of criticel elements in Hungary, University of Miskolc, in the frame of the CriticEl project (www.kritikuselemek.uni-miskolc.hu).  The volume was written by 48 co-authors, edited by Janos Foldessy

The monograph "Geology and Non-traditional resources of the Black Sea" examines the origin, properties and application of deep sea organogenic mineral sediments (DSOMS) formed during the newest ages of the geological history of the Black Sea. It examines also the natural conditions influencing the formation of the sediment complex and the mineral resources. The Black Sea is seen as a unique natural geobiotechnological reactor capable of generating specific geological resources. The object of this study is the Black Sea bottom and more specifically the Bulgarian economic zone and the western region of the Black Sea and the subject of the study is the origin, the properties and the distribution of deep sea organogenic mineral sediments (DSOMS) and the evaluation of the possibilities to use them as a complex raw material. This paper lays the foundations of the application of a new type of complex raw material from the bottom of the Black Sea and examines the composition, the properties, the distribution and the origin of DSOMS as well as the possible spheres of their economic application and extraction.

"Although the number of Neolithic sites excavated in the territory of the Republic of Macedonia is considerable, the stone tools pertinent to these sites are still less known because they
have never interested investigators. The results of surveys in the Kratovo-Zletovo area and analyses of stone assemblages from several archaeological sites of the Amzabegovo-Vr!nik culture point to a system of local supply for stone tools used by the local communities. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to areas abundant in lithic raw materials and suggest that they were local sources for the production of stone artefacts in the Amzabegovo-Vr!nik culture in Neolithic Macedonia."

Biodiesel industry needs a cheaper and economical
viable raw material that can replace the currently used
vegetable oil. Obtaining cheaper raw materials are one of the
continuous targets of many biodiesel producing facilities since 70 to 95 % of the production costs are attributed to raw
materials. One of the main options is to use waste material
from animal and plant sources. In this study, coconut waste is
used to produce biodiesel using methanol and KOB. The oil
content in coconut waste varies from 10-11 wt%. The highest
yield, 64 % is achieved with 5 wt% of KOB within 3 hr by
mixing raw material and methanol.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5653534&tag=1

Zusammenfassung – Dieser Beitrag enthält eine kurze Auswertung der Felsgesteinartefakte der bandkeramischen Siedlung Aldenhoven 3 im Rheinland. Das Material hatte man seit 1959 bei Baumaßnahmen und während einer Grabung in den Jahren 1976/77 geborgen.
Bei der vorliegenden Auswertung wurde vor allem auf Umarbeitung und Mehrfachnutzung geachtet. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt stellen die Mahlsteinfragmente dar. Auffällig ist, daß sich der größte Teil davon als Läufersteine bestimmen ließ, während Mahlstein-Unterlieger nur mit wenigen recht kleinen Stücken vorkommen. Zum Vergleich werden Daten von weiteren bandkeramischen und von Rössener Fundplätzen des Rheinlandes herangezogen.

Schlüsselwörter – Felsgesteinartefakte, Reib- und Mahlsteine, Bandkeramik (LBK), Rheinland

Abstract – This essay presents a short summary of the analysis of rockstone-artefacts from the LBK-settlement of Aldenhoven 3. The material has been collected during building-activities since 1959 and an excavation in 1976/77. Focus of the presented examination is the multiple use and the reworking of the artefacts. Remarkable is the great number of upper grinding stones. Querns are rare and heavy fragmented. The assemblage is compared with data from further LBK-sites and Rössen-settlements in the Rhineland.

Keywords – Grinding implements, Querns, Linear Pottery Culture (LBK), Rhineland

One of the most challenging questions in prehistory at the onset of the Neolithic consists in the establishment of long-distance contacts, inferred from the identification of raw materials exploited for the production of stone tools. The authors explore our current knowledge of a flint type known as "Balkan Flint" regarded as one of the markers of the Neolithisation in south-eastern Europe

The work provides an overview of Bohemian finds of prehistoric chipped artefacts made from obsidian. Attention is also paid to the Late Neolithic period, when the share of this raw material in Bohemian assemblages culminates and, at the same time, the finds can be more accurately dated. Two of the richest assemblages, which come from Smiřice and Plotiště nad Labem near Hradec Králové, are analysed in detail. The work also expands its spatial framework to include the Svitavy region due to the close ties between this area and east Bohemia. Obsidian was processed at Stroked Pottery culture settlements in the form of nodules brought to the sites; based on the internal construction of artefacts, only a small number of pieces were extracted at the processing sites. The most probable source of raw material for Bohemian finds are Zemplínské vrchy (the Zemplín Highlands) in southeast Slovakia, while Tokajsko-zemplínské vrchy (the Tokaj-Zemplín Highlands) in northeast Hungary are also possible, albeit less likely.

Este artigo visa apresentar alguns resultados obtidos a partir do estudo de seções delgadas de arenitos silicificados, metéria-prima abundante na região Sudeste do Brasil. Foram comparadas cinco amostras de arenito silicificado com diferentes graus de aptidão ao lascamento e buscadas as relações entre essa aptidão e as características físicas das amostras (arredondamento, esfericidade, granulometria, etc). Os resultados obtidos corroboraram algumas hipóteses levantadas a respeito dessas relações e abriram uma perspectiva para o estudo do comportamento físico deste tipo de matéria-prima.

The results of studies applied to pieces made of quatrz and quartzite at the site of Payre (isotopic stages 7 and 5) testify to the peculiar handling of these stones which were collected in the neighbourhood of the site and are little abundant in the assemblages found. The two rocks were worked outside the cave, according to techniques similar to those applied in the case of silex. These observations concern all the levels of the sequence. The techno-economic study of the artefacts indicates a handling of these materials that exceeds the strict frame of the site, such as rocks being often considered as a makeshift complement and little used in the sites of the Rhone middle valley.

The paper starts with the assertion that the possibilities of reusing construction waste as raw material must definitely be examined if we are to ensure sustainable management of such waste. An overview of results gained during recent studies of recycled-brick, with the possibilities of reusing this material as concrete aggregate, is given. A survey of methods currently in place for the management and reuse of old bricks and tiles in Croatia is also presented, as such waste is dominantly represented in the composition of construction waste generated during demolition of masonry buildings.

The paper describes the Paleolithic and Mesolithic settlement in the neglected region of the upper Jihlava River
catchment (a part of Czech-Moravian Highlands). Surveyed region is situated on the border between the Bohemia
and Moravia and the main European watershed. Between the years 2008 and 2014 it was realized a project focused
on surface surveys and microprobing. Due to these surveys and several rescue excavations was surprisingly, in the
scale of Moravia, documented numerous of Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic settlement. Until this time, they were
registered 74 sites (including isolated findings), that are characterized by a low number of tools and also the variety
of materials used on the chipped stone industry with an emphasis on local resources and Moravian cherts.

Ochres were the most common source materials for pigments used in Palaeolithic rock art paintings. This work analyses the petrographic and geochemical signatures of different ochre samples from outcrops inside Tito Bustillo Cave and the Monte Castillo Caves using the most common techniques (petrography, XRD, SEM–EDS and ICP–MS) in archaeological pigment characterization studies. The results obtained permit the identification and characterization of the different source ochre types and, furthermore, allow the establishment of mineralogical and geochemical proxies for the study of questions related to ochre characterization, formation processes and provenance.

Martin Street & Michael Baales (1996): Hunter-gatherer behaviour in a changing late glacial landscape. Allerød archaeology in the Central Rhineland, Germany. Journal of Anthropological Research 52, 281-316.

In the Central Rhineland Neuwied Basin, plume activity led to a number of major Pleistocene volcanic eruptions, the last of which, that of the Laacher See volcano towards the end of the Allerød Interstadial, covered large areas with pumice and ash, sealing the late glacial land surface and preserving paleontological and archaeological localities. This Central Rhineland landscape was characterized by a mosaic vegetation in which stands of trees, of different composition according to topography and hydrology and in places with dense undergrowth, alternated with more open areas with a rich herbaceous vegetation. A wide range of animal species included red deer (Cervus elaphus), horse (Equus sp.), a large bovid (Bos primigenius?), moose (Alces alces), and beaver (Castor fiber). The Central Rhineland was inhabited at this time by the Federmessergruppen, a term applied generally here to the northern European late glacial technocomplex with curved-backed points. Apart from larger settlement sites, the Laacher See tephra also preserves evidence for a more ephemeral human presence, such as hearths with either little or no associated indication of other human activity, and although no Federmessergruppen burials have yet been found, on two occasions human remains have been found beneath the pumice.

Im mittelrheinischen Neuwieder Becken ereigneten sich zahlreiche große pleistozäne Vulkanausbrüche, von denen der letzte, der des Laacher-See-Vulkans gegen Ende des Allerød-Interstadials, große Gebiete mit Bims und Aschen bedeckte, die spätglaziale Landoberfläche versiegelte und paläontologische und archäologische Fundstellen konservierte. Diese mittelrheinische Landschaft war durch eine Mosaikvegetation gekennzeichnet, in der sich Baumbestände, die je nach Topographie und Hydrologie unterschiedlich zusammengesetzt waren und teilweise dichtes Unterholz aufwiesen, mit offeneren Flächen mit reicher Krautvegetation abwechselten. Zu den zahlreichen Tierarten gehörten der Rothirsch (Cervus elaphus), das Pferd (Equus sp.), ein Großrind (Bos primigenius?), der Elch (Alces alces) und der Biber (Castor fiber). Das Mittelrheingebiet war zu dieser Zeit von den Federmesser-Gruppen besiedelt, ein Begriff, der hier allgemein für den nordeuropäischen spätglazialen Technokomplex mit gebogenen Rückenspitzen (Federmessern) verwendet wird. Neben größeren Siedlungsplätzen finden sich unter der Tephra des Laacher See-Vulkans auch Hinweise auf eine eher flüchtige menschliche Präsenz, wie z. B. Feuerstellen, die keine oder nur wenige Hinweise auf andere menschliche Aktivitäten ergaben. Obwohl bisher keine Bestattungen dieser Zeit gefunden wurden, sind in zwei Fällen menschliche Überreste unter dem Bims entdeckt worden, allerdings zu früh, um ausreichend untersucht worden zu sein.