Religious Attitudes

""در این مقاله با استفاده از یافته‌های پیمایش «گرايشهاي فرهنگي و نگرشهاي اجتماعي در ايران (سال 1353)» و نتایج به دست آمده از نظر‌آزمایی از نخبگان در دهة 1350، تلاش کرده‌ام زمینه‌های اجتماعی و فرهنگی ووقوع انقلاب را نشان دهم. این شواهد نشان می‌دهند که چگونه جریان نارضایتی ناشی از تغییرات شتابان و نامتوازن توسعه با احساس گسستگی فرهنگی پیوند خورد و به رشد جریان «بازگشت به هویت تاریخی» کمک کرد. این جریان در سطح توده‌ها و نخبگان با صورت‌هایی متفاوت اما محتوایی یکسان بروز کرد. تغییرات سریع اقتصادی و اجتماعی در جامعه ایران از طریق تغییر شرایط زندگی توده‌های وسیع مردم، نگرش آنان را به زندگی دگرگون ساخت. تغییر ارزش‌های اجتماعی، مهاجرت روستاییان به شهر، رشد جمعیت شهری به ویژه تمرکز جمعیت در شهر تهران، و تلاش بخش وسیعی از مردم برای فراهم آوردن یک زندگی، محیطی پر تلاطم ایجاد کرد و بیم‌ها و امیدهای بسیار بر انگیخت. بخش زیادی از مردم در جست و جوی زندگی بهتر مادی و کسب جایگاه اجتماعی درخور و یا به تعبیری دیگر، تحرک اجتماعی بودند. در عین حال، با کنده شدن از زندگی گذشته، خود را در محیطی یافتند که معیارها و ارزش‌های متفاوتی برای زندگی ارائه می‌کند. آنان خود را با این محیط بیگانه احساس می‌کردند و از اضطراب ناشی از این جابجایی و تعلیق، به حوزه امن سنت و به ویژه مذهب پناه بردند. آنان از یک سو، ارزش‌های مادی را دنبال می‌کردند و چشم امید به آینده‌ای بهتر داشتند و از سوی دیگر، تغییرات فرهنگی ناشی از آن را بر نمی‌تابیدند.
دگرگونی در وضعیت اقتصادی با دگرگونی در نهادهای فرهنگی و سیاسی همراه نبود. نهادهای سیاسی، توانایی و ظرفیت حل تنش‌های برخاسته از وضعیت رشد شتابان را نداشتند. این نهادها خود به یکی از زمینه‌های تنش و نارضایتی تبدیل شده‌ بودند. نهادهای فرهنگی نیز قدرت تولید ایده‌ها و ارزش‌های اجتماعی متناسب با شرایط جدید را نداشتند. این نهادها بیشتر نقش تبلیغی داشتند و نمی‌توانستند فرد را برای مواجهه با وضعیت تازه آماده کنند. در نتیجه، نیروی لازم برای جذب و مهار تغییرات وجود نداشت. انتظارات فزاینده به دلیل توسعه‌نیافتگی نهادهای سیاسی و شدت احساس بیگانگی، به نارضایتی توده‌ها از شرایط جامعه منجر شد. نهادهای مذهبی در آن سال‌ها با رشدی شگفت‌آور به مامن بسیاری از این جمعیت سرخورده و ناراضی تبدیل شدند. با استفاده از شواهد تجربی به دست آمده از پیمایش‌های انجام شده، نشان داده‌ام که چگونه رشد فعالیت‌ها و نهادهای مذهبی و نارضایتی نخبگان از فرایند رشد اقتصادی در کنار هم به رشد جریان بازگشت به هویت ملی و مذهبی منجر شد.
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Niniejsza książka została poświęcona kwestii, wyrażające się w pytaniu o obecność i jakość przemian postaw religijnych rodziców, przygotowujących się wraz z dziećmi do pierwszej spowiedzi Komunii Świętej. Spojrzenie na religijność tych osób poddanych badaniom empirycznym, pozwoli, jak się wydaje, na ukazanie kierunków zmian postaw religijnych części respondentów, dokonujących się w czasie kilkumiesięcznych przygotowań pierwszokomunijnych. Pomoże w określeniu, w jakim procencie przemiany te objęły grupę badawczą, wskaże ich jakościowy aspekt i pozwoli na wysnucie prognoz, co do trwałości zaistniałych przemian oraz postawienie postulatów, dotyczących przebiegu procesu katechizacji dorosłych.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between religious attitude and academic performance in terms of the mediating role of academic stress among students of Guilan University. The study population was all undergraduate students of the University of Guilan (19953) among whom the 376 subjects were selected by simple stratified random sampling method using Krejcie and Morgan table. To collect desirable data, the following questionnaires were used: Religious Attitude Questionnaire by Khodayarifard, et al (1388); Academic Performance Questionnaire by Dortaj (1382); and Academic Stress of College Students by Gadzella and Baloglu (2001). Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling method and Amos software. The conceptual model of the research was fitted to confirmation and then the standard regression coefficients of the model were explained. The findings showed that religious attitude has a positive direct effect of 0.32 on academic performance and also an indirect positive effect of 0.048. Therefore, religious attitude, in addition to having a positive effect on academic performance, improves this performance in students by reducing academic stress. Therefore, the authorities are advised to make more efforts to strengthen the religious attitude of students to increase the academic performance and reduce the incidence of academic stress.

Retirement is one of the important events in the elderly that can affect the one's quality of life. Consequently, The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of personality traits, coping strategies and religious attitudes in predicting quality of life in retireds. The study was of descriptive-correlational type. The statistical population included all the retireds of Nahavand, Iran among whom 200 were selected through random sampling. Study tools consisted of NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), Religious Attitude Scale (RAS) and WHO Quality of Life (WHOQOL-26). Data were analyzed through Pearson's correlation coefficient and enter multiple regression. The results indicated that there were relationship between Big Five personality traits (except for openness) and quality of life as such, neuroticism had a negative significant correlation with quality of life and extraversion, and agreeableness and conscientiousness had positive significant correlation with quality of life. There was no significant relationship between religious attitudes and quality of life. The problem focused coping strategy had a positive significant, the emotional focused coping strategy had a negative insignificant, and the avoidance coping strategy had a positive medium relationship (0.30, p<0.01) with the quality of life. The results of multiple regression also showed that personality traits, coping strategies and religious attitudes could predict 43% of variance of the quality of life. Based on the aforemebtioned results, it could be said that the improvement of the quality of life are impressed by personality traits and coping strategies that people apply when they encounter stress.

The article discusses the results of a sociological survey conducted in September 2019 in the Bayanzurkh district of Ulaanbaatar by a random sampling method. The goal is to determine the relations between contemporary Mongols and representatives of Orthodoxy, Buddhism and Islam. The study was carried out on the basis of the scale of the social distance of E. Bogardus and the method of included observation, carried out since 2013, which allows to understand qualitatively the figures obtained from the survey. Along with the results of the questionnaire, the text discusses some of the problems of Mongol religious identity. The reasons for the current situation and the nature of religion in Mongolia are determined.

Adhere to the values Islamic Revolution of Iran so important the balance of national interests and the survival of the Islamic Republic is considerable. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of religious attitudes and islamic lifestyle among high school students in predicting adherence to the values Islamic Revolution of Iran. The research methodology was descriptive and correlational and statistical population of all students studying in the city of Ardabil in the first semester of high school were in the 96-95 school year. Of the 240 male and female students were selected by random cluster sampling and using religious attitude questionnaire, short form Islamic lifestyle questionnaire and self-made questionnaire were evaluated adherence to the values of the Islamic Revolution. the results showed that the Islamic religious attitude and lifestyle with a commitment to the values of the Islamic Revolution there is a significant positive relationship (p<0/001). So that students' religious attitudes larger and stronger adherence to Islamic lifestyle, are more interested than the values of the Revolution. The results of regression analysis showed that 7/50 percent of the variance in the values of the revolution in students by religious attitudes and Islamic lifestyle could explain. According to the study, So higher religious attitude and commitment to Islamic lifestyle is one of the factors in adherence to the values of the Islamic Revolution is.

The purpose of this experiment was to analyze the relationship between prejudiced attitudes and religious orientation. Prejudice has been widely examined in regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, age, and many other factors. Many of these studies have focused on how religious orientation influences racism and sexual prejudice (Allport & Ross, 1967; Herek, 1987), while comparatively few studies have looked at prejudice toward atheist and agnostic individuals, with few exceptions (Gervais, 2011; Gervais, Norenzayan & Shariff , 2011). In this study, a survey adapted from previously used scales was administered via email and social media to a sample of 53 people of various religious affiliations and ages in an attempt to measure intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity, as well as prejudice toward religious outgroups. In a linear regression
between a total measure of religiosity and prejudice, the researchers found a significant relationship between measures of religiosity and prejudice.