Sewage Water

Land, surface waters, and ground water worldwide, are increasingly affected by contaminations from industrial, research experiments, military, and agricultural activities either due to ignorance, lack of vision, carelessness, or high cost of waste disposal and treatment. Large amount of water is being consumed in agriculture, industry, domestic and municipal use which imposes a further demand on this resource. Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes in day to day life. The water supply of the community results into wastewater after it has been fouled by a variety of uses. Today most of the water bodies are polluted by anthropogenic activities including release of untreated sewage. Hence, there is a gradual decline in the availability of fresh water. Plants act as bio-filters in the wastewater treatment technologies. Interest in phytoremediation as a method to solve environmental contamination has been growing rapidly in recent years. Phytoremediation involves growing plants in a contaminated matrix to remove environmental contaminants by facilitating sequestration and/or degradation (detoxification) of the pollutants. In this paper, marshy plants Colacasia esculenta and Canna indica are used. The studies aim at developing and assessing sewage treatment efficiency through Constructed wetland pilot scale plant for treatment of sewage to recycle and reuse. Treatment site is JNTUH Campus. Parameters to be analyzed: EC, DO, COD, BOD, pH, TDS, TSS, TS, NO 3 , PO 4 , SO 4. The efficiency of the two plants for phytoremediation is compared. The treated water obtained was clear in color and the values indicate that Canna indica is more efficient than the Colacasia esculenta. The future scope of the phytoremediation may ensure the better performance by using the Genetically Modified plants by combining different species for the Phytoremediation technique.

  Industrial development has made new products available to people to make their lives easier. Items such as food, cleaning, personal care and health products, among others, are processed, sold and consumed daily by all age groups. These products include in their formulation inorganic and organic chemicals with the purpose of improving or increasing some of their properties, making them more attractive to the consumer. These substances are strictly controlled during production so that the final product may be safely consumed. In most cases, the constituents of commercial products end up in wastewater, where they are not controlled. These uncontrolled pollutants of differing chemical natures are known as “Emerging Contaminants” (ECs). Research worldwide has found ECs in various environmental matrices, especially water. To understand this problem, four fundamental aspects must be addressed: 1) the analytical methods for its determination; 2) the occurrence in environmental matrices; 3...

Wastewater is a source of some nutrients essential for soil fertility, but it includes various types of contaminants like heavy metals that pollute the soil and crops. In this regard, this study aimed to evaluate the possible health risks of copper (Cu) accumulation in forages irrigated with wastewater. Forages both of summer and winter were grown with different water treatments (sewage water and tap water) in the Department of Botany, University of Sargodha. The concentrations of copper in water, root and forage samples were determined. Moreover, the bioconcentration factor, pollution load index, daily intake of metals and health risk index were calculated. In tap water, the copper value was 0.072 mg L and that in sewage water 0.077 mg L. In soil, the calculated copper value was lower than the USEPA standards. The maximum copper in root was determined in winter forages (0.208 mg kg). The maximum bioaccumulation factor for copper was observed in Trifolium resupinatum (8.2230) grown ...

In order to investigate the influence of a duckweed aquaculture based hospital sewage water recycling plant on the prevalence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance, we made use of an existing collection of 1,315 Aeromonas isolates that were previously typed by the biochemical fingerprinting PhP-AE system. In these treatment plant, hospital raw sewage water is first collected in a settlement pond (referred to as sewage water in this study) and is then transferred to a lagoon, where the duckweed (Lemnaceae) is grown (referred to as lagoon). The duckweed is harvested and used as feed for the fish in a separate pond (referred to as fish pond). From this collection, representatives of 288 PhP types were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing for eight antimicrobials by broth microdilution method. The overall resistance rates among Aeromonas isolates from the treatment plant were highest for ampicillin (87%) and erythromycin (79%) followed by cephalothin (58%), nalidixic acid (52%), streptomycin (51%), tetracycline (31%), chloramphenicol (13%) and gentamicin (8%). A significantly lower prevalence of antibiotic resistance was found in Aeromonas from environmental control water, patient stool samples, duckweed and fish compared to sewage water isolates. The prevalence of resistance in the sewage water was not significantly reduced compared to the lagoon water and fish pond. Throughout the treatment system, the frequencies of resistant strains were found to diminish during the sewage water purification process, i.e. in the lagoon where sewage water is used to grow the duckweed. However, the frequency of resistant strains again increased in the fish pond where sewage grown duckweed is used for aquaculture. Among the selected isolates, two multiresistant clonal groups of Aeromonas caviae HG4 were identified that exhibited indistinguishable PhP and amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprints and shared a common plasmid of approximately 5 kb. Representatives of both groups were recovered from almost every part of the sewage treatment plant but not in the control ponds nor in human samples, which suggests that specific multiresistant Aeromonas clones are able to persist and spread throughout the entire purification process.

Kamfers Dam, a wetland near Kimberley, South Africa, supports a population of Near Threatened lesser flamingos Phoeniconaias minor. The cyanobacterium Arthrospira fusiformis (Voronikhin) Komarek and Lund 1990, the flamingos’ food source, was in bloom in April 2009. The city's wastewater treatment plant discharges partially treated and untreated sewage directly into Kamfers Dam, creating elevated water levels, poor water quality and hypereutrophication. Subsequently, a crash in the A. fusiformis population compromised the lesser flamingos’ food source. The water quality and algal community of Kamfers Dam were monitored using historical water quality data plus water quality analyses from 2009 to 2011. Conductivity, pH, sodium, chloride and total dissolved salts showed significant decreases over time. Spearman rank correlation was used to measure relationships among physico-chemical parameters and densities of algae. Arthrospira fusiformis was positively correlated with conductivity (Spearman ρ = 0.561, p = 0.029), total dissolved salts (Spearman ρ = 0.572, p = 0.026) and negatively correlated with total phosphorus (Spearman ρ = −0.718, p = 0.003). While significant correlations were found, attempts to develop a model for predicting algal community composition were unsuccessful due to strong multicollinearity among the water chemistry parameters.