Space Plasma Physics

Analysis of the mass, volume, and density data of the Solar System, and in particular Haumea presents a severe difficulty for the Accretion Model. The presence of a ring around Haumea places doubt into the Accretion Model, which had been said to gather all the local dust and grains in an accelerating accumulation within a spherical bubble. Instead, it has been found that the very rotation of the Kuiper Belt objects tends to enhance the effect of ring containment. Calculations of local forces place hard constraints on dust to dust forces, as actual dust density within the solar system is extremely small at usually 7.1 atoms per cubic cm. Therefore, spacing of the dust is almost assuredly too far to provide for mechanistic gravitics. Instead, the author favors and encourages at least an Alfvenian Coalescence Model, if not a more Active Electromagnetic CM, such as a Thornhill-Scott model, or Marklund Convection (plasma coagulations). The author also discusses anomalies of the planets Saturn and Uranus in satellite densities, as compared to Neptune and Jupiter, and connects these to mythic reports and solar system evidence, such as retrograde orbits, tilts, etc.

A superluminal quantum-vortex model of the electron and the positron is produced from a superluminal double-helix model of the photon during electron-positron pair production. The two oppositely-charged (with Q = ±e sqrt (2/α) = 16.6e) open-helix spin-½ half-photons compose the double-helix photon. These half-photons separate and curl up their separated superluminal single-helical trajectories to form an electrically-charged superluminal closed-helix spin-½ quantum-vortex electron model and a corresponding positron model. The helical radius and the Dirac equation's zitterbewegung angular frequency of the quantum vortex electron and positron models equal the helical radius and zitterbewegung angular frequency of the two spin-½ half-photons, each of energy E = mc^2 , that composed the double-helix photon model of energy E = 2mc^2 from which the electron and positron models were produced. The photon and electron models are also compatible when a photon of energy E > 2mc^2 produces a relativistic electron-positron pair. Implications of the quantum vortex electron model for electron stability are discussed.

I outline the theory of relativistic charged-particle motion in the magnetosphere in a way suitable for undergraduate courses. I discuss particle and guiding center motion, derive the three adiabatic invariants associated with them, and present particle trajectories in a dipolar field. I provide twelve computational exercises that can be used as classroom assignments or for self-study. Two of the exercises, drift-shell bifurcation and Speiser orbits, are adapted from active magnetospheric research. The Python code provided in the supplement can be used to replicate the trajectories and can be easily extended for different field geometries.

EPEMC offers many new facets which are unavailable in BBC and standard PC/EUC. Furthermore it opens an avenue for diffusionist and catastrophist studies which are more reliant upon classical and modern high energy physics at all scales, as well as geology, astrophysics, and thermodynamics. By utilizing comparative mythology and lab-based and field-based research, EPEMC opens wide the span of human history and time for exploration of tantalizing theories, while remaining sensitive to important scientific principles and advancements. In this paper, ten (of many) advantages are listed explaining why an author should utilize the modular approach of EPEMC, and how to do so in an ethical and independent manner. The switch can be rather seamless, as the cosmology is already being adopted, piecemeal by the BBC scientific community, and as diffusionism and catastrophism have returned fully into archaeology.

Mankind has an intense need for expansion, removal of toxic stagnation, and a way to mature and develop without wiping itself out in catastrophic, geopolitical warfare. Military contracts and research do help us to advance, and space tourism also encourages this SPACER movement. However, what is lacking is a fairly comprehensive, open-minded, long form discussion of the entire settlement plan, based upon new research and the state of technology, engineering, and design now. Furthermore the missing contexts of our mythic and religious pasts, our current biased psychologies and propensity to return to tribalism and anti-Enlightenment, anti-rationalist values, as well as looming threats of a New Cold War and World War 3 need to be added to previous science fiction optimism about a Starfleet, in order to avoid foolish "Star Wars" and other toxic behaviors.

Chinese science has provided wonderful inventions and key insight into human psychology that accords with cosmological truths. However, does that translate to a modern plasma-electromagnetic cosmology? In this paper, textual evidence supports the idea that the roots of Chinese thought share scientific basis with western philosophical thoughts, although they later diverge. However, some aspects of Chinese thought may in fact be far advanced. In practice, Chinese sciences have become rather too soft to be considered proper for western physics, and a shift towards integration will have to involve cherry-picking concepts and ideas from Chinese sciences which accord to the EPEMC framework. Even practical Chinese sciences such as the " Art of War " have limited use. The best demonstration of utility will be in the mathematical Changes, in medicine and pharmaco-chemistry, and in astronomical discussions. If EPEMC, by contrast is able to adopt a one-paradigm psychology that hinges not upon intellectual prowess and math alone but also upon the human place in an electric universe, then mankind will benefit greatly from a cosmological shift of perspective, and the achievement of correct energy flow/management may be possible to avert worldwide disasters. However, the cultural dimensions of Chinese philosophical thought may provide barriers at first while tacitly yielding hidden insights into the true workings of the Universe.

Transient celestial phenomena feature prominently in the astronomical knowledge and traditions of Aboriginal Australians. In this paper, I collect accounts of the Aurora Australis from the literature regarding Aboriginal culture. Using previous studies of meteors, eclipses, and comets in Aboriginal traditions, I anticipated that the physical properties of aurora, such as their generally red colour as seen from southern Australia, would be associated with fire, death, blood, and evil spirits. The survey reveals this to be the case and also explores historical auroral events in Aboriginal cultures, aurorae in rock art, and briefly compares Aboriginal auroral traditions with other indigenous groups, including the Maori of New Zealand.

The author presents an exciting new hypothesis for megafauna extinction based upon historical, mythical, geological, astronomic, and atmospheric evidence. While not conclusive, it is highly compelling and demands further investigation. Examples of cross cultural motifs in the form of glyphs, mounds, and earthworks are provided with mythic comparisons and contrasts. Counter arguments are provided throughout as well as strong debunking of prior archaeological biases rooted in Victorian, antiquated pseudoscience. Assumptions in the two models presented for plasma-arc-discharge mechanism are clearly listed, as well as known facts. Citations enable cross reference while the work focuses not on diffusion anthropology, but realistic atmospheric/astronomical plasmoid petroglyph formations recorded in rock

Denk Dir die Erdbewegung wie die Bewegung des Mondes – eine Seite immer der Erde zugewandt – sozusagen phase-locked/Phasenverschränkt zur Sonne – als Basisbewegung und addiere nun dazu eine tägliche (24-Stunden) Eigenrotation im Gegenuhrzeigersinn plus eine tägliche Achsen-Neigungs-Winkel-Rotation im Uhrzeigersinn – ein bisschen weniger als 1°; und das ist auch schon Alles !

Was ist der Siderische Tag ?

Es schaut so aus, als handelt es sich hier um ein Missverständnis.
Also, die Eigenrotation der Erde ist nicht 23 56 Stunden – das ist der missverstandene sogenannte Siderische Tag, was allerdings keine vollständige Eigenrotation der Erde ist, sondern lediglich wie gesagt, das um 23 56 Uhr die Sterne am Nachthimmel in der relativ selben Position sind, wie in der Nacht zuvor um Mitternacht – 24 Uhr.
Und das ist deshalb, da die knapp 4 Minuten früher die tägliche Bewegung – gemeint ist hier das Weiter-Wandern der Erde auf ihrer Kreisbahn um die Sonne, inklusive Krümmung des Erdkörpers Gezeitenverschränkt/Phasenverschränkt zur Sonne – ausgleicht.

Die Erde wandert um 1/365 entlang ihres Weges weiter (inkl. Krümmung). Diese ca. 4 Minuten entsprechen exakt diesem Bogen, so das sich genau dieselbe Lage und Winkel der Sterne ergibt wie in der vorherigen Nacht um Mitternacht.
4 Minuten später – um Mitternacht – ist das Bild sozusagen um eins weitergetickt – ein wenig wie die Zeiger auf der Uhr.

...

1.) The True Motion of Earth and its Axis

Think of Earth’ motion like the motion of the moon – with one side always facing earth – so-called ‘phase-locked’  or tidally locked to the sun – as the basic motion and then add to it a daily (24 hour) rotation to the left (CCW – Counter-Clock-Wise) and a daily Axis-Angle-direction-ticking to the right (CW – ClockWise) – a little less than one degree per day; that’s it, that simple !






.......more .....

In solar physics many questions remain unanswered, such as the solar coronal heating problem in the solar atmosphere or magnetic field generation in the solar interior. However, there is a growing consensus that many different physical phenomena will combine to give a solution to these problems.
From the solar coronal heating point of view, one possible phenomenon to study is resonant absorption, which allows the natural transfer of wave energy to and from the background plasma. If the plasma is dissipative this energy can be converted into heat. One of the stumbling blocks when studying resonant absorption is that linear theory can breakdown around the resonant point. This causes a dilemma: use linear theory as an approximation regardless to try and find sensible solutions or try and solve the difficult, but realistic, nonlinear equations.
The present thesis will investigate the nonlinearity associated with resonant absorption. There are two different resonances in solar plasmas, one is the Alfve ́n resonance and the other is the slow resonance. Previous studies, in nonlinear theory, have concentrated mainly on the slow resonances as they are more affected by nonlinearity. We will study both the Alfve ́n and the slow resonances. The present thesis will analytically investigate these resonances in anisotropic, dispersive and dissipative plasmas - typical conditions of the solar upper atmosphere.
The second manifestation of nonlinearity is the generation of a mean shear flow outside the layer enclosing the resonant surface. We will derive the governing equations for this gener- ated flow at the Alfve ́n resonance. These flows (like all flows) are completely determined by the boundary conditions and we produce an example flow.
The thesis culminates by studying coupled resonances; when the distance between an Alfve ́n and slow resonance is so small (in comparison to the incoming wave) they act as if they interact with an incoming wave simultaneously. We derive the governing equations for the absorption of fast magnetoacoustic waves at the coupled resonance, and then numerically analyse the coeffi- cient of wave energy absorption to compare with the results found for single resonances. We find that the absorption of fast magnetoacoustic waves is far more efficient under coronal conditions compared with chromospheric conditions despite an increase in absorption due to the coupled resonance.

In this letter: ➔ Short recap of Shamash Breakdown ➔ Recollection of Sun glyph connections ➔ Recap of the November 2019 reconnection events ◆ Short comments on COVID connections ➔ Discussion of current arguments in GR, MOND, PEMC, and issues that lie ahead ➔ Recap of the issues of plasma lab experiment, critique of SAFIRE, desired next steps… ◆ Zamora debunking incoming! So what now? Shamash's Demise is only News to us; what does it really mean? And how can lab work aid with satellite work?

Paper hypothesis
- The Solar Planets Motions Use Different Rates Of Time
Paper hypothesis Explanation
- The solar planets motions data analysis shows that the planets motions use different rates of time. As a result (for example) 1 h of Mercury motion = 24.6 h of Jupiter motion. 
- The planets motions use different rates of time because they revolve their revolutions around the sun in equal periods of time.
- They need to revolve around the sun in equal periods of time because the planets motions be integrated into one unified general motion and the equal periods of time is necessary for the planets motions timing adjustments.
- This Vision Is Different From Newton Theory
- Based on that, we have a reason to refute Newton theory of the sun mass gravity.
- The situation is a complex because
- Newton theory is lived since four centuries and has a great effect.
- On the other side, The Planets Motions Data Analysis Shows A Complete Different Vision From Newton Theory And Ideas.
- I have used this paper Introduction to put the theoretical comparison between the 2 visions, trying to make them as clear as possible.
- The Paper Is Divided Into 3 Basic Subjects
- (1st Subject)
- The Theoretical Comparison Between The 2 Visions Of Newton Theory Of The Sun Mass Gravity And The Planets Motions Data Analysis – This Comparison Is Provided In This Paper INTRODUCTION. And This Comparison Summarizes The Paper Theoretical Argument
- (2nd Subject)
- The Planets Motions Data Analysis Be Provided In Part No. (I) Of This Paper
- (3rd Subject)
- The Solar Planets Creation Theory Be Provided In Part No. (II) Of This Paper
Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Physics Department-  Physics & Mathematics  Faculty

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will be the largest radio telescope ever built, aiming to provide collecting area larger than 1 km 2. The SKA will have two independent instruments, SKA-LOW comprising of dipoles organized as aperture arrays in Australia and SKA-MID comprising of dishes in South Africa. Currently the phase-1 of SKA, referred to as SKA1, is in its late design stage and construction is expected to start in 2020. Both SKA1-LOW (frequency range of 50-350 MHz) and SKA1-MID Bands 1, 2, and 5 (frequency ranges of 350-1050, 950-1760, and 4600-15300 MHz, respectively) are important for solar observations. In this paper we present SKA's unique capabilities in terms of spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution, as well as sensitivity and show that they have the potential to provide major new insights in solar physics topics of capital importance including (i) the structure and evolution of the solar corona, (ii) coronal heating, (iii) solar flare dynamics including particle acceleration and transport, (iv) the dynamics and structure of coronal mass ejections, and (v) the solar aspects of space weather. Observations of the Sun jointly with the new generation of ground-based and space-borne instruments promise unprecedented discoveries.

Nel sottobosco accademico molte teorie alternative crescono e cercano risposte diverse alle domande fondamentali. Oggi parliamo della Cosmologia al Plasma. Alla luce di un universo fondamentalmente elettromagnetico, troviamo risposte diverse anche al mistero più grande di tutti: la Vita.
Parte 1
published on Punto Zero - powered by NEXUS

Attempt is made to shed more Light on the concept of conjugatemirrored space-time dimensions by being able to better visualize them, as these dimensions are stealth to one another and one represents the ethereal aspect of the other. This was inspired by a question posed by a soul-seeker and a spiritual scholar who had a problem comprehending or visualizing them.

Taijiquan ​ 太极拳​ is a modern, historic martial arts and socio-cultural health practice, with mysterious origins. However, the title of the art also has distinct plasmaglyphic connections. There is a possible implication that the art is more ancient than previously thought. However, a simpler explanation is that the cultural dynamic of cosmogony of Taiji itself is borrowed for its ominous implications of deadliness. Meanwhile, the concept of quan-fist-is discussed in relation to the Heaven Man (Shang Di) motif, and the weapon of the god(s).

The fields of solar radiophysics and solar system radio physics, or radio heliophysics, will benefit immensely from an instrument with the capabilities projected for SKA. Potential applications include interplanetary scintillation (IPS), radio-burst tracking, and solar spectral radio imaging with a superior sensitivity. These will provide breakthrough new insights and results in topics of fundamental importance, such as the physics of impulsive energy releases, magnetohydrodynamic oscillations and turbulence, the dynamics of post-eruptive processes, energetic particle acceleration , the structure of the solar wind and the development and evolution of solar wind transients at distances up to and beyond the orbit of the Earth. The combination of the high spectral, time and spatial resolution and the unprecedented sensitivity of the SKA will radically advance our understanding of basic physical processes operating in solar and heliospheric plasmas and provide a solid foundation for the forecasting of space weather events. Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array

Plasma cutting is a process that cuts through electrically conductive materials by means of an accelerated jet of hot plasma. Typical materials cut with a plasma torch include steel, stainless steel, aluminum, brass and copper, although other conductive metals may be cut as well. Plasma cutting is often used in fabrication shops, automotive repair and restoration, industrial construction, and salvage and scrapping operations. Due to the high speed and precision cuts combined with low cost, plasma cutting sees widespread use from large-scale industrial CNC applications down to small hobbyist shops.

The basic plasma cutting process involves creating an electrical channel of superheated, electrically ionized gas i.e. plasma from the plasma cutter itself, through the work piece to be cut, thus forming a completed electric circuit back to the plasma cutter through a grounding clamp. This is accomplished by a compressed gas (oxygen, air, inert and others depending on material being cut) which is blown through a focused nozzle at high speed toward the work piece. An electrical arc is then formed within the gas, between an electrode near or integrated into the gas nozzle and the work piece itself. The electrical arc ionizes some of the gas, thereby creating an electrically conductive channel of plasma. As electricity from the cutter torch travels down this plasma it delivers sufficient heat to melt through the work piece. At the same time, much of the high velocity plasma and compressed gas blow the hot molten metal away, thereby separating, i.e. cutting through, the work piece.

Plasma cutting is an effective way of cutting thin and thick materials alike. Hand-held torches can usually cut up to 38 mm (1.5 in) thick steel plate, and stronger computer-controlled torches can cut steel up to 150 mm (6 in) thick.[1] Since plasma cutters produce a very hot and very localized "cone" to cut with, they are extremely useful for cutting sheet metal in curved or angled shapes.

The arcs are generated in a three step process. A high voltage spark briefly ionizes the air within the torch head. This makes the air conductive and allows the "pilot arc" to form. The pilot arc forms within the torch head, with current flowing from the electrode to the nozzle inside the torch head. The pilot arc burns up the nozzle, a consumable part, while in this phase. The air then blows the plasma out the nozzle towards the work, providing a current path from the electrode to the work. When the control system senses current flowing from the electrode to the work, it cuts the electrical connection to the nozzle. Current then flows from the electrode to the work, and the arc forms outside the nozzle. Cutting can then proceed, without burning up the nozzle. Nozzle life is limited by the number of arc starts, not cutting time.


Natural lightning is considered an electric spark.

An electric arc, or arc discharge, is an electrical breakdown of a gas that produces a prolonged electrical discharge. The current through a normally nonconductive medium such as air produces a plasma; the plasma may produce visible light. An arc discharge is characterized by a lower voltage than a glow discharge and relies on thermionic emission of electrons from the electrodes supporting the arc. An archaic term is voltaic arc, as used in the phrase "voltaic arc lamp".

Techniques for arc suppression can be used to reduce the duration or likelihood of arc formation.

In the late 1800s, electric arc lighting was in wide use for public lighting. Some low-pressure electric arcs are used in many applications. For example, fluorescent tubes, mercury, sodium, and metal-halide lamps are used for lighting; xenon arc lamps have been used for movie projectors. Electric arcs can be utilized for manufacturing processes, such as electric arc welding and electric arc furnaces for steel recycling.

Sir Humphry Davy discovered the short-pulse electrical arc in 1800.
In 1801, he described the phenomenon in a paper published in William Nicholson's Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts.
According to modern science, Davy's description was a spark rather than an arc.
In the same year Davy publicly demonstrated the effect, before the Royal Society, by transmitting an electric current through two carbon rods that touched, and then pulling them a short distance apart. The demonstration produced a "feeble" arc, not readily distinguished from a sustained spark, between charcoal points. The Society subscribed for a more powerful battery of 1,000 plates, and in 1808 he demonstrated the large-scale arc. He is credited with naming the arc.
He called it an arc because it assumes the shape of an upward bow when the distance between the electrodes is not small. This is due to the buoyant force on the hot gas.

The first continuous arc was discovered independently in 1802 and described in 1803[7] as a "special fluid with electrical properties", by Vasily V. Petrov, a Russian scientist experimenting with a copper-zinc battery consisting of 4200 discs.[7][8]

In the late nineteenth century, electric arc lighting was in wide use for public lighting. The tendency of electric arcs to flicker and hiss was a major problem. In 1895, Hertha Marks Ayrton wrote a series of articles for the Electrician, explaining that these phenomena were the result of oxygen coming into contact with the carbon rods used to create the arc. In 1899, she was the first woman ever to read her own paper before the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE). Her paper was entitled "The Hissing of the Electric Arc". Shortly thereafter, Ayrton was elected the first female member of the IEE; the next woman to be admitted to the IEE was in 1958.[9] She petitioned to present a paper before the Royal Society, but she was not allowed because of her gender, and "The Mechanism of the Electric Arc" was read by John Perry in her stead in 1901.

Plasma (from Ancient Greek πλάσμα​ 'moldable substance') is one of the four fundamental states of matter, and was first described by chemist Irving Langmuir in the 1920s. It consists of a gas of ions – atoms which have some of their orbital electrons removed – and free electrons. Plasma can be artificially generated by heating a neutral gas or subjecting it to a strong electromagnetic field to the point where an ionized gaseous substance becomes increasingly electrically conductive. The resulting charged ions and electrons become influenced by long-range electromagnetic fields, making the plasma dynamics more sensitive to these fields than a neutral gas.

Plasma and ionized gases have properties and behaviours unlike those of the other states, and the transition between them is mostly a matter of nomenclature and subject to interpretation. Based on the temperature and density of the environment that contains a plasma, partially ionized or fully ionized forms of plasma may be produced. Neon signs and lightning are examples of partially ionized plasmas. The Earth's ionosphere is a plasma and the magnetosphere contains plasma in the Earth's surrounding space environment. The interior of the Sun ( which is btw much closer to earth than claimed ) is an example of fully ionized plasma, along with the solar corona and stars.

Positive charges in ions are achieved by stripping away electrons orbiting the atomic nuclei, where the total number of electrons removed is related to either increasing temperature or the local density of other ionized matter. This also can be accompanied by the dissociation of molecular bonds, though this process is distinctly different from chemical processes of ion interactions in liquids or the behaviour of shared ions in metals. The response of plasma to electromagnetic fields is used in many modern technological devices, such as plasma televisions or plasma etching.

Plasma may be the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the universe, although this hypothesis is currently tentative based on the existence and unknown properties of dark matter. Plasma is mostly associated with stars, extending to the rarefied intracluster medium and possibly the intergalactic regions

Solar radio emission features a large number of fine structures demonstrating great variability in frequency and time. We present spatially resolved spectral radio observations of type IIIb bursts in the 30 − 80 MHz range made by the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR). The bursts show well-defined fine frequency structuring called "stria" bursts. The spatial characteristics of the stria sources are determined by the propagation effects of radio waves; their movement and expansion speeds are in the range of (0.1−0.6)c. Analysis of the dynamic spectra reveals that both the spectral bandwidth and the frequency drift rate of the striae increase with an increase of their central frequency; the striae bandwidths are in the range of ∼ (20 − 100) kHz and the striae drift rates vary from zero to ∼ 0.3 MHz s −1. The observed spectral characteristics of the stria bursts are consistent with the model involving modulation of the type III burst emission mechanism by small-amplitude fluctuations of the plasma density along the electron beam path. We estimate that the relative amplitude of the density fluctuations is of ∆n/n ∼ 10 −3 , their characteristic length scale is less than 1000 km, and the characteristic propagation speed is in the range of 400 − 800 km s −1. These parameters indicate that the observed fine spectral structures could be produced by propagating magnetohydrodynamic waves.

Polar cap potential (PCV) is an important parameter used for determining what kind of interaction takes place between solar wind and magnetosphere. Highly energetic particles from Sun driven by solar wind constantly bombard with Earth's magnetosphere–ionosphere system that results into a phenomenon like auroras, and major geomagnetic disturbances. Solar wind electron deposition determines the magnitude of field-aligned current (FAC) and ultimately leads to PCV variation. Several studies found that increase in magnitude of IMF-B z causes an electric field of cross magnetosphere to increase, and it leads to increase in magnitude of ionospheric cross-polar cap potential (PCV). Moreover, PCV was found to be a linear function of V sw. In this research, we aim to study how field-aligned current (FAC), for example, region 1 current and PCV, is related during different forms of geomagnetic disturbances. In all events, FAC and PCV are found to have corresponding fluctuations—especially at times of significant variation of IMF-B z (negative B z interval) following the linearity of equation suggested by Moon in Moon (2012, https://doi.org/10.5140/ JASS.2012.29.3.259). We found one-to-one correspondence between FAC and PCV. We did CWT analysis and found that FAC and PCV have more or less same spectral behaviors for each event considered. The cross-correlation analysis shows a high and positive correlation between FAC and PCV at 0-min time lag for all geomagnetic activity. The CWT analysis clearly supports the result of cross correlation between FAC and PCV. We found that FAC and V sw , FAC-B, and FAC and AE are also positively correlated with high-correlation coefficient at lag 0 min for all geomagnetic storm. However, FAC-B z , FAC-B y , and FAC-SYM (H) have varying correlation in different events. For a particular storm and substorm, the parameters B z and B y may not necessarily be varied with FAC in regular sequence but IMF (B) always show positive correlation with FAC for all geomagnetic activity. This paper presents a clear relation between FAC and PCV. This result will help to identify some of the outstanding issues in determining the causal mechanism of PCV variation, a crucial thing to understanding the coupling between the solar wind and M-I system.

Hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics of
unstable system in planar and cylindrical configurations. Analytic derivation of instability conditions, phenomenological and semiquantitative studies of far equilibrium dynamics with PLUTO Code simulations varying initial and geometrical features, phenomenological and semiquantitative studies of magnetic field effects.

As on Earth, so in space. A four-satellite mission that is studying magnetic reconnection—the breaking apart and explosive reconnection of the magnetic field lines in plasma that occurs throughout the universe—has found key aspects of the process in space to be strikingly similar to those found in experiments at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL). [43] Researchers at MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) have now demonstrated how microwaves can be used to overcome barriers to steady-state tokamak operation. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning—all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40] The authors designed a mechanism based on the deployment of a transport barrier to confine the particles and prevent them from moving from one region of the accelerator to another. "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38] Now, in a new result unveiled today at the Neutrino 2018 conference in Heidelberg, Germany, the collaboration has announced its first results using antineutrinos, and has seen strong evidence of muon antineutrinos oscillating into electron antineutrinos over long distances, a phenomenon that has never been unambiguously observed. [37] The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT) has completed the installation of a novel antineutrino detector that will probe the possible existence of a new form of matter. [36]

The objective of this paper is to propose an approach to the unification of physics by attempting to construct a physical worldview which can be used as the context for a unified physical theory. The underlying principle is that we have to construct a clear description of the physical world
before we can build a unified physical theory.

The present state of physics is such that there are many theories which all differ in the descriptive context in which they operate. The theories of general relativity, quantum theory, quantum electrodynamics, string theory and the standard model of particle physics are based on differing
concepts of the nature of the physical world.