Space Syntax (Research Methodology)

The article provides a framework for analyzing physical urban context with reference to three abstract elements namely place, path people. The initial part of the article conceptually elaborates the place-path-people framework with reference to urban spatial quality such as scale, diversity and accessibility. It highlights the interconnected and open characters of urban spaces and architectural sites in general. Potential challenges related to the proposed framework are discussed.

Kentsel yerleşimlere erişilebilirlik çerçevesinden baktığımızda, araştırma yapılacak birçok başlık karşımıza çıkar. Kamusal mekan kalitesi, yürünebilir ve yaşanabilir yerler olgusu bu bildiride dikkate alınan kavramlar olarak ele alınacak ve  devamında araştırmalar yapılacaktır.
Çalışma alanı olan İstanbul Prens Adaları, tarihsel arka planı ve farklı yapılardaki sokak çevresi ve mimari tipolojik çeşitliliğinin araştırılması adına çok uygun mekanlardır. Bu bildiride,kamusal alanalara erişmedeki çevresel kalite,  yaya erişilebilirliği, morfolojik ve fonksiyonel boyutlar dahil edilerek analiz edilmiştir. Bu araştırmalar yapılırken, Mekan Dizimi yönteminin en çok üzerinde durduğu erişilebilirlik ölçümleri olan(1) Aksiyel Analizler, (2) Segment Analizler, and (3) korelasyon Analizleri temel alınarak,  sürdürülebilir yerleşim örüntüleri çerçevesinde İstanbul Prens Adalarındaki belirleyici etkenler araştırılmıştır..
Bu adaların morfolojik boyutlardaki değerlendirmeleri, kentsel kamusal mekandaki yaya erişilebilirliği anlamında bazı önemli ipuçları sunabilirler.  1970'lerde geliştirilen ve  Hillier ve Hanson tarafından 1984'de kitaplaşan,bütünleşme analizleri, yaya örüntülerini oluşturan temel olguları anlamada anahtar olgu olacaktır. Bununla birlikte, ayrıca, kırsal Adalar mekanlarındaki çevresel kalite etkilerinin, nasıl sürdürülebilir kentsel mekanlar oluşturduğu okumaları yapılacaktır.
Teoride, entegrasyon ölçümleri, sokağın erişilebilirliğini anlamada bilişsel bir karmaşıklık gösterir ve sıkça sokağın yaya kullamını "tahmin" etme durumunu tartışır. Arazi kullanım analizlerinin,en çok ve en az bütünleştiği noktalar göz önüne alınarak, analizler, yere, farklı arazi kullanımların büyüklüğü ve çeşidine ve binaların mimari çekiciliğine odaklanır.
Eğim, adaların ne kadar yürünülebilir olduğunu anlamada önemli bir veridir. Bunu anlamak için 400-1000 metre aralığında, her parçanın ilişkide olduğu diğer parçalarla olan lineerliğini referans veren,Segment Angular analizler yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak hedeflenen, yaya yolu kalitesinin verileri, arazi kullanımının ve eğimin belirleyiciliği kapsamında erişilebilirlik analizleri sonucunda bu dört adanın birbirleriyle olan ilişkisi karşılaştırılacak ve kırsal yerleşim bölgelerindeki fiziksel morfolojinin yaya hareketliliğine etkisi bağlamında sonuçlar çıkarılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Sürdürülebilir yerleşim morfolojisi, Erişilebilirlik, Mekan Dizimi.

La sintaxis del espacio constituye, claramente, una metodología que sustituye a la vieja estadística de distribución espacial y a las herramientas tradicionales de análisis y descripción del ambiente construido. En esta clase se presentan programas computacionales para análisis de isovista y grafos de visibilidad, así como de mapas axiales y poligonales. Los programas operan sobre diversas plataformas, con énfasis en Windows. Se han implementado punteros a las últimas versiones, presentaciones sobre su manejo y funcionalidad y documentación comparativa.

According to many researchers, "culture" is the main factor in the formation of architectural spaces and plays an important role in social sustainability. Therefore, studying culture and its impact on architectural spaces is important in order to understanding human behavioral patterns. In this research, it has been attempted to examine the influence of socio-cultural factors on the formation of architectural spaces by applying a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources. Also space syntax method was used in order to evaluate the influence of social aspects on the formation of architectural spaces. The results of this study indicate that the structural system of traditional Iranian houses is based on a hierarchical system so that in order to reach the private space, it has to pass through a few intermediate spaces. This way of reaching from the public space to the private space has also been derived from the culture and customs of those regions. In this way, it can be concluded that socio-cultural factors have a great influence on the formation of architectural spaces. Also, the cultural concept of the architecture prioritizes its material meaning and the architecture is just through socio-cultural organizations that come to the vitality.

The aim of this paper is, firstly, to examine the parameters that have a role in achieving functional efficiency in using interior domestic spaces and to what extent these influence the distribution of spaces; secondly, to investigate the relationship between house layout morphology and the efficiency level of these layouts functionally. In this paper, Space Syntax theory is used to examine the spatial morphology of both types (traditional and modern) house layouts in Erbil city, in order to determine the level of functional efficiency of their configurations, through an analytical comparative approach. A sample of house layouts consists of both traditional and modern house layouts, has been analyzed morphologically. The process of analysis has been carried out by applying the software program (A-Graph) in detecting differences and similarities in their patterning. Results show that modern house layouts offer better design solutions in terms of the level of functional efficiency in comparing with traditional house layouts, in accordance to the indicators and measurements of Space Syntax methodology that adopted by this study. The data collected will be valuable in the design process of future house layouts at least in Erbil City.

It is needed to reinterpret the concept of plots and internal systems in the context of urban structure and the built environment due to the urban planning decisions of the 20th century. The study deals with tears of historic urban tissues (roads, new urban structures), and settlement-like or individual enclaves of buildings in the post-World War II period. In the focus of the research methodology and criteria system of discussed in the study stands the street network (space syntax), the plot structure (urban morphology) and the construction, i.e. the relationship between buildings and open spaces (space syntax: convex analysis, visibility analysis; urban morphology). The criteria system, even the city itself, has several layers. The study of the three cities that once belonged to the Austria-Hungary, Miskolc, Košice (SK) and Subotica (RS), reveals the location-and country-specific nature of the structural changes and can provide a basis for further studies.

Museum is a structure which affects human perception and movement depending on its spatial configuration and provides the visitors with their choice of movement inside the space. Space plays a major role in museum designs right from the availability of areas and surfaces to display exhibits, to the creation of a particular ambience. Those days the museum spaces were mostly placed in a chronological manner in which a storyline dictates the ordering of spaces. But in the present-day context, the chronology of spaces is not sequenced in a periodically, as the taste and preferences changed. Time factor plays a major role in today’s museum space in which a visitor can choose his preference of gallery he wishes to see and move out of the museum rather going all around the museum in a particular order to exit, as in the case of traditional museums. Permeability in the museum is a study of circulation patterns and movement of visitors in the space. Explorations in demonstrating the space-use patterns can be predicted by the spatial properties of gallery layouts, including both permeability and visibility relationships. The effects of this spatial arrangement help the humans in wayfinding and enhance the movement. Space syntax is a tool used to evaluate the spatial arrangements and their effects. This paper aims in evaluating the level of permeability achieved through its spatial arrangements using space syntax as a tool which is applied in two museums. The two case examples are taken in such a way that one being a Traditional art museum and another being of Contemporary nature.

Our book, ‘Researches on Urban and Architectural Design Studies’, consists of various studies produced in the fields of architecture and urban planning whose titles are given below:
·* Examination of Malatya Kernek Square and its Close Surroundings within the Context of the Conservation and Sustainability of the Culture-Space Relationship,
* Sustainable Disaster Management and Urban Transformation: The Case of Elazig Karsiyaka
* Crack Detection with Digital Image Processing,
* Reinforced Concrete Structural Design Failures Related to the Architecture of  ​Buildings: Lessons Learned From The January 24, 2020 Earthquake in Sivrice-Elazıg,
* Evaluation of Wind Velocity Ratio for Changing Aspect Ratios in Urban Areas,
* A Comparative Examination of Early Republic Period Primary School Structures in Anatolia with a Comparison Analysis by Space Syntax Method and Principle Suggestions for Their Conservation,
* Evaluation of Thermal Comfort Models and Energy-Saving Potential in an Office Space in Istanbul.·
* Parthenon: A Phenomenological Examination,
* The Contribution of Digital Technology and Modern Methods with Fundamental Approaches to the Conservation of Archeological, Architectural and Cultural Assets,
* The Theoretical Framework of Urban Morphology,
* Landscape Planning Criteria in Historical Environments,
* Determining the Effect of Facade Design in Buildings on Sunlight Reception and Lighting Energy Performance on the BEP-TR Regulation and BEP-BUY Program.

We would like to express our gratitude to the authors who made contributions with their genuine academic studies, to the reviewers who provided guidance for the perfection of the study, and to the staff of ‘ Livre de Lyon Publishing House’, the publisher of our book, for their considerable assistance during the printing phase.

We hope that this book, which addresses important issues in the fields of urban planning and architectural design, will be useful for the reader.
                                                  ​Assoc. Prof. Dr. Betül BEKTAŞ EKİCİ
                                                  ​Fırat University, Department of Architecture
                                                  ​Asst. Prof. Dr. Nihal Arda AKYILDIZ
                                                  ​Balıkesir University, Department of Architecture.

This paper sets out to investigate the key spatial characteristics in the way the villages' spaces are embedded in the urban context. The aim is to clarify how absorbed villages' layout of space related to the surrounding urban context? And does this spatial embedding pattern of the village within the surrounding urban context have a meaning? Are these absorbed villages part from the surrounding urban space in which to guide movement and make space intelligible to people or are they discrete space and out of sight? The tested hypothesis in this paper is that the absorbed village space will operate in at least at two distinct modes: one conservative and the other generative. The conservative mode will reduce the encounter between local space of the village and the surrounding context space in order to reproduce cultural patterns, therefore the configuration here is relatively localised and restrictive space. While the generative mode will maximise the encounter in order to optimise the material conditions of everyday life (Hillier, 1996), thus the arrangement of the village space is integrated locally and globally. The research used high-normalised integration and high-normalised choice (10%) measurement at different radius, besides their standard score of the mean and maximum values. This study, explore villages' spatial layout as independent variables and assess its consequences in terms of observable movement patterns and space used for spatial living. Thus, with the use of the outcomes of the first section as guiding hypothesis for the second, it is argued that if certain properties are shown to be critical in urban spatial patterning as dependent variables, then they may also be related to the way in which spatial layout acts as an independent variable. The study appear to be morphologically differentiated at local; radius. However, the combination of the local structure with a high degree of overlap within a global space network defines the nature of the village embedding within the whole urban system. This relation between the parts and the whole, and the relations of the parts themselves is that account for the configurational properties of space and the way in which society and culture are embedded in space. The main findings in this paper are: the absorbed villages with high pedestrian density, widely spread in the space, accommodate most of the synergy space pattern of the integration. On the other hand the villages with low density of pedestrian and mostly spreading in the inner paces are accommodating the local integration core only or sometime located in most segregation space. Furthermore, the more the villages integrated the higher it is dominated by men and non-local movement and the in villages which less integrated we can see women and Bahraini movement increasing. This gives an indication that the strong embedded of the village within the urban context, inviting more people from the surrounding, but at the same time this disturbed women to appear on the public.

This paper presents a large part of the results of a doctoral research entitled 'Syntactic modelling of the city and housing in the Phoenician-Punic era in the central sphere of the Mediterranean'. It constitutes a contribution in the field that formalizes the fundamental and complex link between architecture and society and as its title states; it combines and crosses two disciplines, archaeology and architecture. Mainly, this paper focuses on the urban dwelling in the Carthaginian territories along its natural borders and its political expansion in the central Mediterranean and during the first millennium BC. It apprehends domestic architecture as one of the most expressive reflections of the collective identity and the personality of a culture and considers that the house carries cultural information in its form and its space configuration and has the merit to inform about social and symbolic aspects of this occult civilization that suffers from a documentary deficit, partiality and lack of objectivity of literary sources. Our main purpose is to try to understand if these houses could maintain, at the level of their spatiality and visibility, a unity that could identify them respectively as an architectural genotype. The application of the syntactic approach (permeability and visibility analyses) to the study of an exhaustive sample of urban houses from several Phoenician-Punic territories (185 urban dwellings in all, from the African-Punic territory-Carthage metropolis and Kerkouane Punic City-, Sicily-the Punic dwellings of Selinunte-and Sardinia-Monte Sirai Phoenician-Punic city) allowed to detect the spatial and visual logic and to confirm the famous historical passage of the ancient geographer Strabon. The latter postulates that the existence of a certain number of distinctive Phoenician-Punic morphological characters. The study allowed to achieve a typological classification of canonical types of Phoenician-Punic houses; to identify their functional, spatial and visual organization based on a strong dichotomy between private and public domain; to deduce the common and repetitive organizing principles that give this domestic architecture its particular identity (its genotype); to establish the relation between the symbolic aspects related to this kind of spatial organization which is expressed by a repulsive faculty, segregation, privacy and dominance; and finally to state some previews on this society, which gains on segregation and folds on itself. These results corroborate some findings of archaeological research and historical discourse suggesting that this culture, despite the fact that it succeeded in marking humanity by its many inputs that had contributed to Africa's conversion and integration into the Mediterranean had failed to challenge and accept the other. Keywords Phoenician-Punic domestic space, household archaeology, permeability graph analysis, visibility graph analysis, socio-symbolic expressions and socio-cultural dimensions.

The description of the spatial entities used in space syntax is growingly taking on a direct cognitive character, where for example axial lines are often equated to ‘lines of movement’, convex spaces to ‘spaces of being’, and isovists to ‘visual fields’. While developments of these have served to deepen our understanding of spatial configuration in many ways, it is of importance to revisit the origins of the spatial entities used to investigate spatial syntactics and study the implications of alternate definitions. This is a question of what kind of analysis can be performed and on what sort of objects, but also of positioning of the research field. This paper argues that while the perceiving subject is one valid point of interpretation of the spatial entities studied syntactically, other interpretations enable other questions to be investigated and consequently other results to emerge. In this paper the focus lies on how a de-centralisation from e.g. subjects’ visual fields unearths qualities in the isovist and its consecutive systemization into spatial syntactic relations that risk pass by. It furthermore aims to discuss the theory base for analyses of certain phenomena (‘the logic of the mannequin’). This discussion revolves around a concept already highlighted in space syntax theory: allocentricy, i.e. the quality of spatial cognition to recognize the situation of ‘elsewhere’, and discusses the impact of such understanding through systemic operations and through the ‘elsewhere’ of inanimate objects.

The shift from Axial to Line-segment maps is one of the most important developments in Space Syntax analysis, both theoretically and methodologically. It followed a long line of investigations and discussions within the field of Space Syntax, which addressed critical issues related to the Axial map representation (e.g. Hillier and Iida,2005; Hillier,1999a,1999b; Turner,2001; Steadman,2004, Dalton, 2001). At the same time, it opened up new possibilities by allowing for the use of Road-centre-line maps in Space Syntax analysis; that is, largely available GIS-based segment maps, used in most areas of urban modelling (e.g. Turner,2007; Dalton et al.,2003). Today, several models implement syntactical analysis to Road-centre-line maps, while claiming to form valid alternatives to the Axial map, not least in capturing the perceptual and cognitive affordances presented by the environment. This paper focuses on such alternative models with a twofold aim: first, to help make well-grounded cho...

The space syntax Theory of Natural Movement postulates that everything else being equal, land use selects their location based on the asymmetry of accessibility created by the configuration of the street network. In this article, I test the hypothesis whether configurational (syntactic) properties of an urban street network are relevant for the location of land use. If syntactic features are relevant, then land use types may have a 'syntactic signature'. To identify this blueprint, I apply machine-learning techniques to datasets of syntactic measures, for ten business types. The results are ten models, each with the syntactic blueprint of a type of business. The models are used to predict the existence, or not, of such businesses in segments of the map of London. The performance of the models varies, with fifty per cent reaching statistical significance, including one with 'good' prediction ability. The models for Starbucks coffee shops and solicitor's offices have the strongest prediction ability. The exploratory exercise demonstrates the potential of the machine-learning method Random Forests, when supervised and individually applied to a business activity, to identify the syntactic signature of business types. Such models can be used during planning and design and on location studies. The results strengthen the candidacy of syntactic measurements to location-decision-making. Moreover, they reinforce the theory of Natural Movement.

One of the early concepts of space syntax, from the Social Logic of Space, is architecture seen as an interface. This is sometimes interpreted as on one hand a singular transition between ‘private’ and ‘public’, or more gradually as a transition from ‘public’ urban space towards more and more private space on the other. Methodologically, the latter tends to consist of analyses that incorporate both interior and exterior space in the analysis. Similarly, it can be said that justified graphs drawn from the entrance – a commonly deployed practice – is the same kind of description, that is, they describe rather how interior and exterior relates based on the conditions set up by the ‘exterior’. This paper, instead, explores how internal configurational properties sets up an interface description, applying a method of ‘mirroring’ that in certain ways of doing it rather than replacing an exterior in the analysis, emphasizes the internal configuration of the building with regards to its exterior and how it thus describes directionality and priorities of both the building as a whole and of its constitute parts to the surrounding environment. It is thus possible to analyse buildings as interface ‘from the outside in’ – that is, how entry conditions sets up an interface for visitors, a kind of public-private gradient – and ‘from the inside out’ – that is, how the building describes its relation to the various exteriors and to what extent ‘inhabitants’ share similar interfaces and relations as visitors. It further tests these different models to empirical data. The paper explores both a methodology for this kind of analysis and what the results may mean through a series of analysed buildings that makes possible to posit a range of different questions to architectural and configurative analysis.

Spatial Positioning Tool (SPOT) is an isovist-based spatial analysis software written in Java that works as a stand-alone program. SPOT differs from regular Space syntax software as it can produce integration graphs and intervisibility graphs from a selection of positions. SPOT was originally developed for a series of field studies on building interiors highly influenced by organizations and social groups. These studies needed a tool that could produce graphs using a specific position as starting point for the isovists. Now, we have developed SPOT as in several steps, although this paper focuses mainly on the first iteration. In this version, basic SPOT operations use selected positions to create isovist sets. The sets can be colour-coded and layered; the layers can be activated and made visible by being turned on or off. At this point, there are two graphs produced in SPOT, the isovist overlap graph that shows intervisibility between overlapping isovist fields and the network integration analysis built on visibility relations. The graphs for correlation studies are made using workstations as the origins for the isovists. We use data from an office case study regarding face-to-face interaction. The software aims to be used as a fast and interactive sketch tool as well as a precise analysis tool. Data, images, and diagrams can be exported for use in conjunction with other CAD or illustration programs. The first stage of development is to have a functioning prototype with the implementation of all the basic algorithms and a minimal basic functionality with respect to user interaction. We will also briefly discuss recent developments of SPOT, and we furthermore provide a theoretical background for its development.

Yeniden kullanım olgusu tarihi bir yapıyı yaşam alanları içerisine tekrar dâhil etmeyi, yeni fonksiyonel gereksinimleri karşılamak için bir dönüşüm sürecini ifade etmektedir. Yeniden kullanıma adaptasyonda yeni işlev için düzenlenen mekânlarda, kullanıcıların gereksinimlerinin karşılanması işlevin sürekliliği, dolayısıyla yapının sürdürülebilirliği açısından önem arz etmektedir. Yapının sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanması için, bünyesinde barındırdığı mekânsal dizge önem taşımaktadır. Yapının özgün mekânsal dizgesi, yeni işlevin gerektirdiği ihtiyaçları karşılayabilmeli, mekânsal organizasyon yeni işlevin ilişkiler kurgusuna uygun olmalıdır. Çalışmada mekân dizim yönteminin, yapısal çevrenin tanımlanabilmesi için kullanılan bir teori ve araç olduğu gerçeği üzerinden yola çıkılarak, yeniden güncel bir amaç için kullanılması düşünülen sivil mimarlık örneklerinin analizi ve analiz sonucunda mekânların yeni işleve adaptasyonunun yeterliliğinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Örneklem alanda Konya kent merkezinde yer alan ve günümüzde özgün işlevlerinden farklı amaçlar ile kullanılan 3 sivil mimarlık örneği ele alınmıştır. Bodrum + Zemin + 1. kattan oluşan ve sofalı plan şemalarına sahip olan yapıların, özgün ve güncel kullanımlarındaki mekânsal biçimlenmeleri kıyaslanmış; mekânsal dizim şemaları, mekânsal derinlik ve bütünleşme analizleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır.

The most common way to model space syntax is to use an even distribution of lines or isovists. In positioning analysis, an uneven distribution of isovists is used in order to integrate social structures into the spatial analysis. These models can be used to analyse spaces highly influenced by social or cultural organisations. In offices, organisational structures can produce a constant bias in patterns of, for example, face-to-face interaction. Furthermore, labelling space according to organisational structure has sometimes been found to be as powerful a barrier as physical walls. In this study, these 'constant biases' are treated as being more important as origins rather than as mere biases. Positioning analysis is based on examination of spatial configuration of selected positions that enable these biases to be turned into parts of the analytic model. The selected positions should represent the organised entity of interest and form a subset within the general integration model. This set of points can be analysed configurationally through their spatial relationships, which can then be used together with traditional space syntax models. Thus the subset is described both from internal and external relationships, a fruitful approach in many cases. Applying this methodology when analysing face-to-face interaction in offices has provided strong correlations, which have produced two interesting results: face-to-face interaction correlates both with subsets of spatial distribution and with the integration patterns within the subset. At the same time, our analyses of how department stores and libraries spatially organise commodities and categories provide further support for how an analysis of spatial positioning answers key spatial strategy questions. Brands, types, and other categories position themselves in relation to one another as well as to a general integration and control patterns using modulations of a small set of spatial relations. Basing the configurative models on spatial relations of categories rather than on general spatial relations of an evenly distributed grid provides remarkably clear information. These findings are used to argue for working with positioning analysis parallel to traditional space syntax analysis, especially regarding examining spaces that are highly influenced by social or cultural organisation, such as offices, department stores, libraries, and museums.

Traffic congestion has become a major issue for all of the cities in the world. Sri Lanka also incurs 1.5% of GDP due to massive financial and man-hour loss due to traffic congestion. Thus this sets the importance of understanding how development and design of future built environment influence travel demand and traffic flows. Traffic flow modeling enables us to envisage traffic flows in urban areas. But most of the current conventional models require the acquisition and analysis of large quantities of data such as the network topology, its traffic flow data, vehicle fleet composition, emission measurements and so on. Data acquisition is an expensive process that involves household surveys and automatic as well as semiautomatic measurements performed all over the network. Currently Sri Lanka and most of the Developing Countries follows these conventional Traffic Flow models, which identified as expensive affair and inefficient method. Therefore predicting or understanding traffic flow has become an emerging challenge for Sri Lanka in this context.
Given this background this study focused on an emerging set of research literature those employed in transport planning applications in developed countries. Those researches have based on network centrality parameters that revealed successful results in measuring traffic flow. Yet, all above studies based on developed countries and there are none or very limited applications with referring to the emerging cities in developing world where such research need the most. Therefore, this study looks at the applicability of centrality measures to access the Traffic flows in Sri Lankan context. Accordingly the objective of this research is to study the applicability of centrality measures to explain vehicular flow in Colombo MC, Area.
In this study we employed three centrality measures; (i.) Degree, (ii.) Betweenness and (iii.) Closeness, which is borrowed from the domain of complex network analysis, to calculate the network centrality of Colombo Municipal Council Area (CMC).Centrality values have been computed by axial map which was generated using motorable road network of the CMC. Then it calculated using UCL-Depth map and ArcGIS software applications. Generated Centrality values have been evaluated using actual traffic flow data along the CMC road network. Correlation analysis indicates that actual traffic flow values has a significant correlation with Degree (0.337 with significant at the 0.05 level), Betweenness (0.771 with significant at the 0.01 level) and Closeness (0.742 with significant at the 0.01 level) centrality measures. Multiple regression analysis results indicated that centrality measures have capabilities to explain over 78% of the variation of actual Traffic flow values. Therefore the study suggests that Centrality Measures can serve as an alternative method to identify and predict traffic flow pattern of cities. Accordingly method developed in this study can be consider as robust and dynamic planning tool that will offer promise for spatial and transport planners to overcome emerging challenges and changing needs in the built environment

This article seeks to provide a review of research on museum visiting which has particular relevance for exhibition design. It focuses on empirical studies carried out in a range of social and cultural disciplines. The article begins with an overview of some of the main directions that have been reported in museum visitor study, in particular a shift towards considering visitors as ‘active’ and to looking at affective and embodied dimensions of the visitor experience as well as at the cognitive and ideational. It then looks in more detail at findings and attempts to build a conceptual vocabulary in three related areas of museum visitor research: media, sociality and space. In addition to assessing the state-of-play so far, the article seeks to outline areas for future research.

This paper presents the comparative analysis of ten villages absorbed by Manama and Muharraq cities in Bahrain. The two cities experienced rapid urban expansion. Villages in the vicinity were gradually engulfed by the cities’ fabrics (ALESCO, 1975; Al‐Najar 1998). But the process of absorption does not seem to have been uniform. At one extreme, the villages seemed to become part of the structure of the city, and at the other extreme, they seemed to stand apart from the city and remain more or less separate entities. These apparent spatial differences seem also to be reflected in social differences, in that most villages seemed to retain their traditional communities and values while others became more like their urban surroundings (Al‐Najar, 1998). Therefore, how far can spatial processes relating to the spatial pattern of the way villages embed in their surrounding urban areas throw light on the different pathways of the social development of these absorbed villages? The comparative analysis and space study developed in the first three parts of this paper show that there are differences in the way villages are embedded in urban context, and the way village configuration have shaped people’s movement.
In this study we found: first, there is different gender and ethnic movement in village spaces. A sort of cultural movement pattern is observed in the villages, where women avoid meeting men in some villages or local people use different spaces to non‐local. These suggest that village spaces and their cultural movement could be a key factor in revealing the village social condition. The conservative range of the village society varies from village to another. Furthermore, well embedded villages in an urban context generally have a mixture of local and non local movement, while most of the weakly embedded villages are dominated by local people. This could be related to the fact that if the village configuration is not well connected with surrounding areas then the encounter of movement will happen only between local people who are already living in the village and not with those in surrounding areas. But villages which well embedded in the urban context are bringing different types of people together in commercial and main residential streets. This confirmed Hillier’s theory that movement patterns are considered an expression of social well being; it is a key element of an influential mechanism by which urban space develops, which reflect how urban space could become a wealthy active urban space or keep apart.

Architecture can be understood as deliberate elaborations of physical forms and configurations into socially and culturally meaningful objects, enabling activities and programmes as well as communicating ideas and values. It can be argued that part of this elaboration is that of staging, and that of the treatment of differences of visibility and permeability, which carries strong cultural and social connotations. However, this is often discussed either as singular situations of exposure or accessibility, or as compensatory use of one over the other, where visibility serves to compensate for accessibility, or provide a certain form of transpatiality. Studying structures of relations between visibility and permeability, however, leading to an understanding of emergent degrees of exposure and availability, seems to say a lot about architectural character and identity. This paper argues that a more thorough study of this relation is central to developing architectural morphology, and proposes a model for ‘building profiling’ that sets up an analysis of how the interrelation between visibility and accessibility can be used to inform architectural analysis of the identity of architectural structures as well as the way that identity of the content is described. This is done on the one hand elaborating on basic architectural morphologies commonly used within space syntax, but also compares to experimental works such as Autant’s Théâtre de l’espace from 1937 and everyday urban and architectural situations. The main line of argument is the change from individual situations to a system of syntactic, configurative relations which, it is argued, requires a degree of secondary abstraction – an abstraction that provides thorough understanding of certain architectural effects of configuration that contributes to the character and identity of buildings or urban spaces.

This paper presents a large part of the results of a doctoral research entitled ‘Syntactic modelling of the city and housing in the Phoenician-Punic era in the central sphere of the Mediterranean’. It constitutes a contribution in the field that formalizes the fundamental and complex link between architecture and society and as its title states; it combines and crosses two disciplines, archaeology and architecture. Mainly, this paper focuses on the urban dwelling in the Carthaginian territories along its natural borders and its political expansion in the central Mediterranean and during the first millennium BC. It apprehends domestic architecture as one of the most expressive reflections of the collective identity and the personality of a culture and considers that the house carries cultural information in its form and its space configuration and has the merit to inform about social and symbolic aspects of this occult civilization that suffers from a documentary deficit, partiality ...

This essay looks at the city as a space of affective, cognitive and social exploration that supports the formation of self during adolescence. The first part reconstructs memories of a particular morphology of growing up in Athens, Greece. Here, the use of the word ‘morphology’ refers to the spaces, movements and cognitive maps of the city that are inexorably linked with the evolution of intentional actions, habitual behaviors, and social interactions. This morphology is subsequently analyzed according to the geography, social principles and social networks involved.  The final part of the essay proposes a definition of the pedagogical functions of the city. It is argued that the spatial morphology of the city supports the development of the cognitive and affective codes that underpin the open-ended exploration of environment as part of the process of identity development.

Nevşehir, İç Anadolu Bölgesi’nin Orta Kızılırmak Bölümünde yer almaktadır.
Şehrin yakın çevresinin jeomorfolojik görünümü, volkanizma ve tektonizma
gibi iç etken ve süreçlerin yanında, aşındırıcı dış faktörlerin etkisiyle şekillenmiştir.
Şehir, genel İtibariyle volkanik plato üzerinde yer almaktadır.
Çalışma sahasında belediye yönetsel alanı 92,66 km² iken, günümüzde şehir
bu alanın 24,04 km²’lik kısmında gelişme göstermektedir. Şehrin gelişim doğrultusu
kabaca kuzeydoğu, güneybatı yönündedir. Kuzeyden güneye doğru belirli
bir hat üzerinde ve kavis çizerek gelişme gösteren Nevşehir’in lineer morfolojik
görünümünü yöneten beşeri ve doğal coğrafik şartlar mevcuttur. Şehrin
morfolojik görünümüne beşeri yönden etki eden temel faktörlerden birincisi
ulaşım güzergahları olurken, ikincisi ise koruma alanlarının mevcudiyetidir. Doğal
özellikler ise şehrin sit alanı ve çevresinde bulunan vadiler, dağlık ve tepelik
sahalar olarak sınıflandırılabilir.
Coğrafi şartlardan etkilenen şehrin genel morfolojik görünümü, aynı ölçekte
şehirdeki cadde ve sokakların gelişimine etki etmiştir. Bu durum da şehrin algılanabilirliği
ve okunabilirliği üzerinde belirleyici olmuştur. Nevşehir’in lineer
gelişim yapısının, şehrin algılanmasına ve okunabilirliği üzerine yaptığı etki,
Mekan Dizim Analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir.
Çalışmanın temel amacı, şehrin morfolojik yapısına etki eden faktörlerin incelenmesi
ve bu faktörlerin şehrin gelişimini ne yönde etkilediğinin ortaya koyulmasıdır.
Şehrin gelişimi doğrultusunda günümüzde Nevşehir’in algılanabilirliği
ve okunabilirliğinin incelenmesi çalışmanın bir diğer amacını oluşturmaktadır.
Aynı zamanda DephMap X programı yardımıyla yazı ampirik denemeler yapılmış
ve bu denemelerin şehrin algısallığı üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir.
Bu kapsamda üretilen haritalardan yola çıkılarak şehrin gelecekte ziyaretçiler
tarafından daha kolay okunabilmesi ve algılanabilmesi hususunda değerlendirmelerin
yapılması ve önerilerde bulunulması hedeflenmektedir. Şehir coğrafyası
çalışmalarında, şehirsel algı konusu geçmişten günümüze kadar ilgi çekici
olarak görülmesine rağmen çalışmalara yansıtılamamıştır. Bu kapsamda
Mekan Dizim Analizi yönteminin şehirsel algı konusundaki eksiği gidermede
kullanılabilecek bir yol olduğunu coğrafya camiasına tanıtmak, çalışmanın bir
diğer hedefidir.
Ayrıca bu çalışmayla coğrafya literatüründeki şehirsel algı eksikliğinin giderilebileceği
ve bu çalışmanın gelecekte yapılması planlanan çalışmalara bir temel
oluşturabileceği düşünülmektedir.

The design of an exhibition gallery and its curatorial intension for either a temporary exhibition or a permanent museum installation requires understanding how its morphology influences the use of space, as well as the spatial experiences of visitors. The morphology of a gallery in terms of its shape and configuration may affect the display of the artwork, visitors’ activities and their movement through the space. This paper examines the layout of Antrepo No. 3, the main exhibition gallery of the 2013 Istanbul Biennial.
This research explores: 1) how museum design influences integrated or segregated locations, as well as visitors’ use of the space during their visits; 2) how spatial layouts influence visitors’ explorations in gallery spaces; 3) which spaces are more or less visited; and 4) what the predominate path is depending on the number of visitors during a specific period of time. Answers to these questions are crucial for this study to understand the impact of the morphology of space on museum visitors. In this sense, syntactic correlations are key to grasping the idea of morphology and visitor experience relations in a curated space in exhibition design.
For this investigation, gate counts within the exhibition space and snapshots showing the number of people and their patterns of interaction with the exhibition are correlated with syntactic parameters. Visitors’ spatial experiences and the use of the overall layout depending on the number of visitors during a certain period of time in a specific convex space are taken into account.

The way architecture articulates social, cultural, political, and organizational values as well as character and identity through manipulation of visibility, permeability and the relation them in-between has been discussed by many researchers. Consistent methodologies that focus on this specific split are however unusual, and it tends to be handled discursively and on a case-by-case basis. There are also shortcomings in how such disjunctions are considered both in functional and communicatory terms. For development of morphological and configurational analysis, studies of well-known architectural works can be used to investigate geometric and configurative properties and how they relate to analyses and understanding of spatial mediation of societal values. This, however, faces a methodological challenge, as it deals with a multi-variable set of relations – including both amount of and degree of differentiation between visibility and permeability, and potentially questions of directionality that are problematic for syntax analysis to deal with.

To move forward, one can either build a library of analysed buildings to compare and evaluate different disjunction patterns to, or compare these analyses to a base set of geometries and disjunctions. This paper intends to make generic methodological and theoretical contributions through specific studies of these relations focused on a well-known and analysed building: Adolf Loos’ house for Josephine Baker (1928), and introducing comparison to other situations. It also aims to more clearly begin establishing a terminology for such disjunctions that can be used to further refine the understanding.

Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird das städtische Strassennetzwerk von Augusta Raurica mithilfe der Space Syntax Analysis untersucht. Dabei kommen deutliche Unterschiede in der Wichtigkeit der einzelnen Strassen zum Vorschein. Erwartungsgemäss bildet der Cardo Maximus die bedeutendste Verkehrsachse. Die verschiedenen Verkehrsteilnehmer mit und ohne Transportmittel werden im Süd-Nord-Verkehr quer über das Forum geleitet. Vom Kastelenplateau aus ist es trotz eines beträchtli- chen Gefälles die Kastelenstrasse, die gemäss Space Syntax Analysis die wichtigste Verbindung zwischen Ober- und Unterstadt darstellt.
Mit einer Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA) gelingt es, diejenigen Strassenabschnitte zu identifizieren, die über eine hohe visuelle Inte- gration verfügen. Beim Abgleich mit dem archäologischen Befund können den betreffenden Stellen tatsächlich auch besondere bauliche Strukturen zugewiesen werden.
Einleitung
Viele Wege führen durch Augusta Raurica, aber nicht alle sind von gleicher Bedeutung. Dieser Satz klingt banal, trifft aber den wesentlichen Punkt des vorliegenden Beitrags. Mit einer Gesamtzahl von 199 Strassen durchzieht ein verhältnismässig dichtes Netz das römische Stadtgebiet. Rein flächenmässig nehmen die Strassen einen nicht unwesentlichen Teil des Stadtareals ein. So sind es im Bereich der Insulae in der Oberstadt rund 18% der überbauten Fläche. Betrachtet man den gesamten Stadtperimeter, bedecken die Strassen immerhin über 10% der Gesamtfläche.
Zusätzlich zum orthogonalen Strassenraster, das die Grundlage bildet, gibt es eine Vielzahl von topografisch und städtebaulich bedingten, von diesem Raster abweichenden Verbindungswegen. In Bezug auf jedes einzelne, kleinräumige Stadtquartier sind diese Zugänge buchstäblich die Lebensadern, die eine Nutzung erst ermöglichen. Vergrössert man den Betrachtungsradius auf das gesamte Stadtgebiet, so verschiebt sich die Bedeutung der einzelnen Strassen. So leuchtet es ein, dass für die übergeordnete Erschliessung der Stadt periphere Quartierstrassen weniger wichtig sind als die Verkehrsachsen, die ganze Stadtteile, wie z. B. die Ober- stadt und die Unterstadt, miteinander verbinden.
Im Folgenden wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob wir diese subjektive Klassifizierung der Strassen auch wissenschaftlich nachvollziehbar belegen können. Die ursprünglich in
Generell widerspiegeln sich die Analyseresultate sehr gut in der Lage und Erschliessung der städtischen Architektur. Dies kann bei einer Reihe von öffentlichen und privaten Bauten nachvollzogen werden. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht die Space Syntax Analysis aussagekräftige Si-mulationen, die zum besseren Verständnis der urbanistischen Anlage beitragen.

Various forms of material, empirical, or observation-based research has grown in importance over the last decade in both architec- ture and urban design research, in parallel to an increasingly data-driven research utilising an increasing amount and availability of GIS data, tracking technologies, GPS records, and ICT tools. Assemblage theory and Actor-Network Theory have grown strong in several  elds, sometimes linked to ‘ at ontology’, as have empirically based  elds such as space syntax and geoinformatics. While it is somewhat dubious to bundle these theories together, there are tendencies in contemporary research in which they can be linked, with more or less explicit intents to cut past perceptions and conventions to look at the world ‘as it is’ and generate understanding from observed behaviours, actions, and the myriads of interactions going on. This has produced a rich body of research and signi cant advances in knowledge. However, there is also need for pause and re ection, to avoid risks of repeating the mistakes aimed to oust. This article offers a set of such re ections that will come about through a set of examples, leading onwards into a discussion of the role of memory, projection and imagination, as well as the need to consider how to integrate norms and structures into research that often intentionally leaves such concepts out.

Presentation of the Legacy of Constantinos Doxiadis (Greek Architect - Planner) and his Development Project for Lebanon (1957-8) in the MENA Spring Webminars (2022) - hosted by the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Doha - Qatar.  For a full view of the presentation follow the link:
https://echo360.org.uk/media/9b045709-ca62-4628-92ee-e6464864d10f/public