Spectral Imaging

... Y. Uno a , SO Prasher a , Corresponding Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author , R. Lacroix b , PK Goel a , Y ... Due to its great adaptability, stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) is one of the most commonly used methods to develop empirical models ...

Background The isolation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the development of spectral variants over the past decade have begun to reveal the dynamic nature of protein trafficking and organelle motility. In planta analyses of this dynamic process have typically been limited to only two organelles or proteins at a time in only a few cell types. Results We generated a transgenic Arabidopsis plant that contains four spectrally different fluorescent proteins. Nuclei, plastids, mitochondria and plasma membranes were genetically tagged with cyan, red, yellow and green fluorescent proteins, respectively. In addition, methods to track nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts and quantify the interaction between these organelles at a submicron resolution were developed. These analyzes revealed that N-ethylmaleimide disrupts nuclear-mitochondrial but not nuclear-plastids interactions in root epidermal cells of live Arabidopsis seedlings. Conclusion We developed a tool and associated methods for analyzing the complex dynamic of organelle-organelle interactions in real time in planta. Homozygous transgenic Arabidopsis (Kaleidocell) is available through Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center.

The scientific need for array receivers arises from the requirement for programmes to study samples of objects of statistically significant size, in large-scale unbiased surveys of galactic and extra-galactic regions. Along with morphological information, the new spectral imaging system can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of regions of interest. Its three-dimensional imaging capabilities are critical for research into turbulence and dynamics. In addition, HARP/ACSIS will provide highly complementary science programmes to wide-field continuum studies, and produce the essential preparatory work for submillimetre interferometers such as the SMA and ALMA.

Site specific, in situ techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Raman spectroscopy are commonly used to identify pigments on illuminated manuscripts. With both techniques, spectra are usually acquired on visually identified sites thought to be representative of the pigments and mixtures used for the illumination. Such visual inspection may not always ensure an adequate representation of the pigment diversity. Here we report on the application of multispectral (MSI) visible/infrared reflectance and luminescence imaging spectroscopy, along with fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) to help determine and map the primary pigments in a late 14th century miniature on vellum, attributed to Niccolo da Bologna and representing the birth of John the Baptist. XRF analyses of visually selected sites found elements consistent with azurite, ultramarine, vermillion, lead white, "mosaic gold" and yellow earth pigments. Visible/infrared FORS analyses confirmed these assignments and showed evidence for the use of organic dyes. The spectral analysis of the MSI-reflectance images gave distribution maps for these pigments (i.e., regions of azurite, ultramarine, vermillion) along with some indication of pigment layering not identified visually. The luminescence image gave a probable map of the organic dye(s). Images acquired in the near- and shortwave-infrared (NIR and SWIR, 750 to 2400 nm) revealed preparatory sketches and illumination techniques. These results show, like those of a prior study carried out on another 14th century Italian miniature, that the combination of low light multi-spectral imaging spectroscopy with FORS provides improved in situ mapping and identification of pigments on illuminated manuscripts.

Since the 'rediscovery' of the Selden map of China, an early seventeenth century map of Asia, in the Bodleian Library in Oxford, the importance of the map in our understanding of globalisation in the early seventeenth century has been recognised. One of the unresolved questions is the origin of the map. This paper addresses the question through material evidence provided by a holistic approach using a suite of complementary analytical techniques. The map was examined in situ and non-invasively by a remote spectral imaging instrument (PRISMS) modified for close range imaging, which was followed by a range of complementary techniques applied to a number of detached fragments, though most of the techniques are non-invasive and can be applied to the map directly in the future. The binding medium was found to be a gum, almost certainly gum Arabic, rather than the animal glue commonly used in Chinese paintings. Some of the pigments and their usage were found to be at odds with the common practice in paintings from China. The detection of gum Arabic, a binding medium used by the Europeans, South and West Asians and the use of a mixture of orpiment and indigo, commonly found in European, South and West Asian paintings gives further evidence on the unusual origins of this map. The likely detection of a basic copper chloride, such as atacamite, in the green areas suggests an influence from the South and West Asian rather than the European tradition. Detailed analysis of the various spectral bands of the spectral image cube along with visual inspection of the large scale colour image showed that the map was not fully planned at the beginning but rather painted in stages, at times by trial and error and that it was unfinished. A new hypothesis for the origin of the Selden map in Aceh Sumatra is proposed based on the new evidences.

A spectral imaging system comprising a 39-Mpixel monochrome camera, LED-based narrowband illumination, and acquisition/control software has been designed for investigations of cultural heritage objects. Notable attributes of this system, referred to as EurekaVision, include: streamlined workflow, flexibility, provision of well-structured data and metadata for downstream processing, and illumination that is safer for the artifacts. The system design builds upon experience gained while imaging the Archimedes Palimpsest and has been used in studies of a number of important objects in the LOC collection. This paper describes practical issues that were considered by EurekaVision to address key research questions for the study of fragile and unique cultural objects over a range of spectral bands. The system is intended to capture important digital records for access by researchers, professionals, and the public. The system was first used for spectral imaging of the 1507 world map by Martin Waldseemueller, the first printed map to reference "America." It was also used to image sections of the Carta Marina 1516 map by the same cartographer for comparative purposes. An updated version of the system is now being utilized by the Preservation Research and Testing Division of the Library of Congress.

Process interactions and chain reactions, the present shift of cryospheric hazard zones due to atmospheric warming, and the potential far reach of glacier disasters make it necessary to apply modern remote sensing techniques for the assessment of glacier and permafrost hazards in high-mountains. Typically, related hazard source areas are situated in remote regions, often difficult to access for physical and/or political reasons. In this contribution we provide an overview of air- and spaceborne remote sensing methods suitable for glacier and permafrost hazard assessment and disaster management. A number of image classification and change detection techniques support high-mountain hazard studies. Digital terrain models (DTMs), derived from optical stereo data, synthetic aperture radar or laserscanning, represent one of the most important data sets for investigating high-mountain processes. Fusion of satellite stereo-derived DTMs with the DTM from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) is a promising way to combine the advantages of both technologies. Large changes in terrain volume such as from avalanche deposits can indeed be measured even by repeat satellite DTMs. Multitemporal data can be used to derive surface displacements on glaciers, permafrost and landslides. Combining DTMs, results from spectral image classification, and multitemporal data from change detection and displacement measurements significantly improves the detection of hazard potentials. Modelling of hazardous processes based on geographic information systems (GIS) complements the remote sensing analyses towards an integrated assessment of glacier and permafrost hazards in mountains. Major present limitations in the application of remote sensing to glacier and permafrost hazards in mountains are, on the one hand, of technical nature (e.g. combination and fusion of different methods and data; improved understanding of microwave backscatter). On the other hand, better dissemination of remote sensing expertise towards institutions involved in high-mountain hazard assessment and management is needed in order to exploit the large potential of remote sensing in this field.

We describe a novel digital light processing, DLP hyperspectral imaging system for visualizing chemical composition of in vivo tissues during surgical procedures non-invasively and at near video rate. The novelty of the DLP hyperspectral imaging system resides in (1) its ability to conform light to rapidly sweep through a series of preprogrammed spectral illuminations as simple as a set of contiguous bandpasses to any number of complex spectra, and (2) processing the reflected spectroscopic image data using unique supervised and unsupervised chemometric methods that color encode molecular content of tissue at each image detector pixel providing an optical biopsy. Spectral illumination of tissue is accomplished utilizing a DLP® based spectral illuminator incorporating a series of bandpass spectra and measuring the reflectance image with a CCD array detector. Wavelength dependent images are post processed with a multivariate least squares analysis method using known reference spectra of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin. Alternatively, illuminating with complex reference spectra reduces the number of spectral images required for generating chemically relevant images color encoded for relative percentage of oxyhemoglobin are collected and displayed in real time near-video rate, (3 to 4) frames per second (fps). As a proof of principle application, a kidney of an anesthetized pig was imaged before and after renal vasculature occlusion showing the clamped kidney to be 61% of the unclamped kidney percentage of oxyhemoglobin. Using the "3-Shot" spectral illumination method and gathering data at (3 to 4) fps shows a non-linear exponential de-oxygenation of hemoglobin reaching steady state within 30 seconds post occlusion.

This patent describes a spectrometer optical system employed in combination with a source of electromagnetic radiation and reception means. It comprises: a first concave mirror receiving electromagnetic radiation from the source and reflecting the electromagnetic radiation within a first plane; a second concave mirror receiving the electromagnetic radiation reflected from the source and reflecting the electromagnetic radiation to converge in a second plane. The first and second planes being substantially orthogonal relative to each other; a diffraction grating receiving the converging electromagnetic radiation from the source and producing a spectrum for capture by the reception means; and means for rotating the diffraction grating about an axis relative to the diffraction grating.

Diabetes is a grave metabolic disease described by high glucose levels. The feet of patients with diabetes are at the danger of a variety of neurotic results including peripheral vascular infection, disfigurement, ulceration, and necrosis (infection caused by localized death of living cells or tissue) leading to amputation. The way to deal with the diabetic foot is anticipation and early location. Sadly, health currently provider’s focus on responsive diabetes mind and the accessibility of lacking subjective demonstrative screening methodology makes doctors miss the finding of a few patients.

The main objective is that diabetic foot demonstrates basic neuropathic and vascular symptoms. When a foot patient is inactive, the thermal recuperation will be much slower. This thermal response speed can be used as a quantitative measure for the study of diabetic foot condition.

In our study, thermal recovery of the foot following cold pressure is discovered using a thermal camera. The captured thermal image is then analysed, and the temperature recovery at each point on the foot is extracted and calibrated using a thermal control appears, and the precarious regions are recognized. In addition, LED-based spectral imaging is tested to estimate oxygen saturation in the foot.

In this subject, we show our examinations on the following parts of the implementation of medical application analytic system based on: measurement protocols, thermal image segmentation, new techniques to perform model analysis of gathered images, and our preliminary discoveries focused on small scale clinical investigation of some patients, which demonstrate the potential of the diagnostic system.

An adaptive FPGA architecture based on the NoC (Network-on-Chip) approach is used for the multispectral image correlation. This architecture must contain several distance algorithms depending on the characteristics of spectral images and the precision of the authentication. The analysis of distance algorithms is required which bases on the algorithmic complexity, result precision, execution time and the adaptability of the implementation.

Imaging Fourier transform spectrometers (IFTS) are becoming the preferred systems for remote sensing spectral imaging applications because of their ability to provide, simultaneously, both high spatial and spectral resolution images of a scene. IFTS can be operated in either step-and-integrate or rapid-scan modes, where it is common practice to sample interferograms at equal optical path difference intervals. The step-and-integrate mode requires a translation stage with fast and precise point-to-point motion and additional external trigger circuitry for the detector focal plane array (FPA), and produces uniformly position-sampled interferograms which can be analyzed using standard FFT routines. In the rapid-scan mode, the translation stage is continuously moving and interferograms are often acquired at the frame-rate of the FPA. Since all translation stages have associated velocity errors, the resulting interferograms are sampled at non-uniform intervals of optical path difference, which requires more sophisticated analysis. This paper discusses the processing pipeline which is being developed for the analysis of the non-uniform rapid-scan data produced by the Herschel/SPIRE IFTS.

The digitization project of the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS) was first conceived as yet another conservation effort to preserve the scrolls. The Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) set out to develop a non-invasive monitoring methodology of their physical state, based on multi-spectral images. Once the IAA realized that they were going to create the best possible images to date and since all of the scrolls have been formally published, they decided to conduct a comprehensive digitization project in addition to developing a monitoring system. The IAA would image all of the DSS, including thousands of fragments, add their metadata, and put everything online, making it available to the public and the scholarly world alike in away never before imagined

Over the past decade, dramatic increases in computational power and improvement in image analysis algorithms have allowed the development of powerful computer-assisted analytical approaches to radiological data. With the recent advent of whole slide digital scanners, tissue histopathology slides can now be digitized and stored in digital image form. Consequently, digitized tissue histopathology has now become amenable to the application of computerized image analysis and machine learning techniques. Analogous to the role of computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) algorithms in medical imaging to complement the opinion of a radiologist, CAD algorithms have begun to be developed for disease detection, diagnosis, and prognosis prediction to complement the opinion of the pathologist. In this paper, we review the recent state of the art CAD technology for digitized histopathology. This paper also briefly describes the development and application of novel image analysis technology for a few specific histopathology related problems being pursued in the United States and Europe.