Superconductivity

The development of these fast-cycling magnets is critical for future neutrino research, featuring rapid-cycling proton synchrotrons, particle injectors for the proposed Future Circular Collider, and the design of pulsed muon colliders. [41] When the Electron Ion Collider received the go-ahead in January 2020, it became the only new major accelerator in the works anywhere in the world. [40] DESY scientists have created a miniature particle accelerator for electrons that can perform four different functions at the push of a button. [39] Femtosecond lasers are capable of processing any solid material with high quality and high precision using their ultrafast and ultra-intense characteristics. [38] To create the flying microlaser, the researchers launched laser light into a water-filled hollow core fiber to optically trap the microparticle. Like the materials used to make traditional lasers, the microparticle incorporates a gain medium. [37]

Retrieved from its original version.

Well known for its accessibility to graduate students and experimental physicists, this volume emphasizes physical arguments and minimizes theoretical formalism. The second edition of this classic text features revisions by the author that improve its user-friendly qualities, and an introductory survey of latter-day developments in classic superconductivity enhances the volume’s value as a reference for researchers. Starting with a historical overview, the text proceeds with an introduction to the electrodynamics of superconductors and presents expositions of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory and the Ginzburg-Landau theory. Additional subjects include magnetic properties of classic type II superconductors; the Josephson effect (both in terms of basic phenomena and applications and of the phenomena unique to small junctions); fluctuation effects in classic superconductors; the high-temperature superconductors; special topics (such as the Bogoliubov method, magnetic perturbations and gapless superconductivity, and time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory); and nonequilibrium superconductivity. 1996 edition.

NUS physicists have developed a method to induce the transition of a rare-earth nickelate from their native perovskite form to infinite-layer structures. This allowed them to build a complete phase diagram of this nickelate superconductor. [31] Researchers at Aalto University and the University of Jyväskylä showed that graphene can be a superconductor at a much higher temperature than expected, due to a subtle quantum mechanics effect of graphene's electrons. [30] Hong Ding's group from the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science reported the superconducting gap of topological surface state is larger than that of bulk states in β-Bi2Pd thin films using in-situ angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and molecular beam epitaxy. [29] Superconducting quantum microwave circuits can function as qubits, the building blocks of a future quantum computer. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Exciton-mediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.

The work is devoted to the study of the processes of formation and analysis of the
parameters of a functional nanostructure — a superconducting spin valve, which is a
multilayer structure consisting of ferromagnetic cobalt nanolayers separated by
niobium superconductor nanolayers. The aim of the work was to study the influence
of the main parameters of the technological regimes of the formation of these
nanosystems: temperature, concentration and spatial distribution of deposited atoms
over the surface of the nanosystem on the atomic structure and morphology of the
nanosystem. The studies were carried out by the molecular dynamics method using
the many-particle potential of the modified immersed atom method. The temperature
in the calculation process was controlled using the Nose-Hoover thermostat. The
simulation of the formation of atomic nanolayers by the method of alternating
directional deposition of layers of different compositions under high vacuum and
stationary temperature conditions is performed. As a result of the studies, the
structure and thickness of the formed nanolayers and the distribution of elements in
the area of their interface were studied. It is shown that alternating layers of the
formed layered nanosystem and their interfaces have a significantly different atomic
structure depending on the main parameters of the technological regimes of the
formation of layered nanosystems.

Superconductivity is a rare physical state in which matter is able to conduct electricity—maintain a flow of electrons—without any resistance. It can only be found in certain materials, and even then it can only be achieved under controlled conditions of low temperatures and high pressures. New research from a team including Carnegie's Elissaios Stavrou, Xiao-Jia Chen, and Alexander Goncharov hones in on the structural changes underlying superconductivity in iron arsenide compounds—those containing iron and arsenic. [26]
This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron’s spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories.
The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions.

Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Excitonmediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.

We examine the equilibrium solutions of the BCS theory of superconductivity in the low temperature limit, allowing the attraction band to be asymmetric with respect to the chemical potential of the system µR. If we denote by µ the middle of the attraction band, we observe that the super-conducting phase is formed only if |µR − µ| < 2∆0, where ∆0 is the energy gap at zero temperature in the standard BCS theory. If |µR − µ| < 2∆0, the system of equations which give the energy gap has two solutions for each value of µR − µ: one with ∆(T = 0) = ∆0 and another one, with ∆(T = 0) < ∆0 (∆(T = 0) is the energy gap at 0 K). If 0 < |µR − µ| < 2∆0, a quasiparticle imbalance appears in equilibrium. In the " standard BCS limit, " which is µR → µ, beside the standard solution ∆(T = 0) = ∆0, we find another one, with ∆(T = 0) = ∆0/3 and nonzero quasiparticle population. The formalism takes into account in a consistent way the variation of the total number of particles with the population of the quasiparticle states.

The influence of barium tin oxide nanoparticles addition on the structural
and superconducting properties of the Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca2Cu3O10−δ phase, (CuTl)-
1223, was studied. A different wt% of BaSnO3, ranging from 0.00 to 1.50, were
added into (CuTl)-1223 phase, and this composite was synthesized using the solidstate
reaction technique. The phase formation and lattice parameters were calculated
from X-ray powder diffractionmeasurements. The grain connectivity and surface morphology
were identified using scanning electron microscope. Energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy gave the real elemental composition of the prepared samples. Superconducting
transition temperature (Tc) and critical current density (Jc) were determined
from the electrical resistivity and I–V measurements, respectively. A complete study
about the vibration modes of different atoms was carried out using Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy of (BaSnO3)x/CuTl-1223 composite. The
increase in Tc and Jc up to x = 0.25 wt% is an evidence for improving the superconducting
properties of (BaSnO3)x/CuTl-1223 composites by enhancing both the
inter-grains coupling and volume fraction of the (CuTl)-1223 phase.

A smart high Tc superconductor meta-material with off mass-shell near field resonances is predicted to behave like the exotic matter needed for weightless geodesic warp drive as well as for the wormhole time machines depicted in Kip Thorne's movie "Interstellar."

The inductive-type superconducting fault current limiters
(LSFCLs) mainly consist of a primary copper coil, a
secondary complete or partial super-conductor cylinder &
open magnetic iron core. Complete performance of these
devices significantly depends on the optimal selections of
its materials and dimensions of construction, electrical,
magnetic, thermal, and parameters. It is important to
identify a comprehensive model describing the
characteristics of LSFCL in a power system prior to its
fabrication.
When any fault occurs, the dynamic model will
characterize the overall phenomena to compare the
simulation results by varying LSFCL parameters to
maximize the merits of a FCL while minimizing its
drawbacks. The principle object of this paper is to
achieve a full penetrative approach of design of LSFCLs
by means of multi criteria decision-making techniques.

The material is a superconductor with a rather high TC for organic compounds, but for the past thirty years it has been controversially reported to be both a superconductor and a non-superconductor. [30] Using a clever technique that causes unruly crystals of iron selenide to snap into alignment, Rice University physicists have drawn a detailed map that reveals the "rules of the road" for electrons both in normal conditions and in the critical moments just before the material transforms into a superconductor. [29] Superconducting quantum microwave circuits can function as qubits, the building blocks of a future quantum computer. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Excitonmediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.

A variational approach is used to study the zero-temperature phase transition of two-band granular superconducting films. For s+(-) superconductors with strong enough disorder, we show the plausible existence of a metallic phase between the superconducting and insulator phases which is absent in normal single band granular superconducting films. We propose that the metallic phase may be observed in granular films of pnictide superconductors. Novel possibilities such as charge 2e metal and "topological metal" are also discussed.

An on-chip circuit that can produce up to six microwave photons simultaneously has been created by researchers in France and Germany. Gerbold Ménard and Ambroise Peugeot at the University of Paris-Saclay and colleagues built their device by connecting a Josephson junction with a microwave resonator. [32]

Superconductivity is a phenomenon in the solid state physics that occurs under a certain critical temperature (often referred to as Tc) in some materials. A superconducting material is characterized by its infinitely high electrical conductivity and the absence of any magnetic field in the interior. From many areas of research, this so-called superconductivity has become indispensable. This paper takes a simple approach to explain the theory behind Superconductivity and its applications.

In this paper we present a review of the main applications of Josephson Junction (JJ). This device bases its properties on the Josephson Effect, based on the relationship between Tunnel Effect and Superconducting Theory. The properties of JJ allow to realize Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs), used in medical field, or industrial level electronic circuits such as Superconducting Qubits. We also describe the hybrid technology named RSFQ-CMOS, which is not realized yet for general purposes because it requires cryogenic cooling system. Although, if this problem will be bypassed, the devices based on Josephson Junction will be ready to substitute the current electronic and its limitations.

The research team plans to continue systematically going after them using the combinatorial approach to explore the other key elements in generating the high-Tc superconductivity. [22]
The study, titled "Quantum phase transition from superconducting to insulating-like states in a pressurized cuprate superconductor," has been published in Nature Physics. [21]

In this way, we aim to build a new platform for quantum hardware that surpasses the performance of conventional aluminum-based qubits. [30] The outcomes of this study form a solid basis to develop physical models that can guide the development of materials for superconducting qubits. [29] Researchers from Google and the University of California Santa Barbara have taken an important step towards the goal of building a large-scale quantum computer. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Excitonmediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.

Einstein's 1916 gravitational field equation is (1.1) The Sarfatti-Wanser ansätz 1 2020 is (1.2) 1 In physics and mathematics, an ansatz (/ˈaensaets/; German: [ˈʔanzats], meaning: "initial placement of a tool at a work piece", plural ansätze /ˈaensɛtsə/; German: [ˈʔanzɛtsə]or ansatzes) is an educated guess or an additional assumption made to help solve a problem, and which is later verified to be part of the solution by its results. [1][2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansatz

Gαβ(x) = 8π G c ^-4 Tαβ (x)

Gαβ(x) is the induced 2nd rank symmetric tensor warp gravity curvature field.

Tαβ (x)  is the source stress-energy 2nd rank symmetric tensor of the applied Frohlich pump electromagnetic field inside the exotic meta-material in our problem. G is Newton's gravity constant. c is the speed of far field transverse radiation in vacuum (poles of the Feynman propagator in the complex energy plane).

G αβ (x)  e^ iγ αβ x () = 8π G c 4 Φ (x) T αβ (x)  e ^i [φ (x) +τ αβ (x)]

Φ (x)  is the meta-material spin 0, zero-rank locally frame-invariant tensor field dimensionless susceptibility response of the exotic meta-material fuselage lattice of nano-scale "meta-atoms" to the applied Frohlich electromagnetic pump driving field.

Compressing simple molecular solids with hydrogen at extremely high pressures, University of Rochester engineers and physicists have, for the first time, created material that is superconducting at room temperature. [31] Now a team led by MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) and MIT spinout company Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS), has developed and extensively tested an HTS cable technology that can be scaled and engineered into the high-performance magnets. [30] Using a clever technique that causes unruly crystals of iron selenide to snap into alignment, Rice University physicists have drawn a detailed map that reveals the "rules of the road" for electrons both in normal conditions and in the critical moments just before the material transforms into a superconductor. [29] Superconducting quantum microwave circuits can function as qubits, the building blocks of a future quantum computer. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Exciton-mediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.

Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Excitonmediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.

And they suggest that laser light might be a good way to create and explore transient states that could be stabilized for practical applications—including, potentially, room-temperature superconductivity. [32]
Compressing simple molecular solids with hydrogen at extremely high pressures, University of Rochester engineers and physicists have, for the first time, created material that is superconducting at room temperature. [31]
Now a team led by MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) and MIT spinout company Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS), has developed and extensively tested an HTS cable technology that can be scaled and engineered into the high-performance magnets. [30]

Important challenges in creating practical quantum computers have been addressed by two independent teams of physicists in the US. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Excitonmediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.

Topological superconductors are a class of superconducting materials characterized by sub-gap zero energy localized modes, known as Majorana boundary states (MBSs). These materials are promising for the development of quantum computing technology. [23] The phenomenon of superconductivity, providing current transmission without dissipation and a host of unique magnetic properties arising from macroscopic quantum coherence, was first discovered over a century ago. [22] Lancaster scientists have demonstrated that other physicists' recent "discovery" of the field effect in superconductors is nothing but hot electrons after all. [21] The only tricky part, she explains, would be to make sure that the composition of the superconducting material was just right. [20]

THIS WILL CHANGE YOUR VIEW OF JUST PLAIN WATER AND OUR AQUATIC LIFE.  INCLUDES NATURAL TELEPORTATION, BILOCATION AND TELEPATHY.

THIS COMING ALTERATION OF THE ENTIRETY OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS CAN NOT BE DONE BY TALKING TO THE IDIOTS – IT CAN ONLY BE IMPOSED VIA A TANGIBLE ENERGY LIKE BUBBLE TECH.

Showed that graphene can be a superconductor at a much higher temperature than expected, due to a subtle quantum mechanics effect of graphene's electrons. [30] Hong Ding's group from the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science reported the superconducting gap of topological surface state is larger than that of bulk states in β-Bi2Pd thin films using in-situ angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and molecular beam epitaxy. [29] Superconducting quantum microwave circuits can function as qubits, the building blocks of a future quantum computer. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions.

The generation, transmission and distribution of electric power over a long distance at low losses are the major challenges today. The application of superconducting materials in cables, generators and motors, transformer, dynamic synchronous condenser, fault current limiter and energy storage devices can accelerate development of electric power system. The rapid operation and high efficiency of these devices using superconductors would play a significant role in improving the system performance which is unattainable using copper windings. It is necessary to improve the current carrying capacity and cryogenics of superconducting devices to meet the power system requirement. This paper aims to present remarkable progress of superconducting materials applications in electric power and transportation sector.