Teak

This paper studies developing country teakwood production and supply chain under sustainability considerations. Although teak is a renewable resource, it requires long time to be harvested again. Furthermore, teak demand tends to increase from time to time. A teak production and supply chain model is developed to find optimal teak production and distribution that maximizes economical aspect, while maintaining renewable resource preservation and social benefit. Whole stand growth model is used to simulate growth of the planted forest. Linear fuzzy Chance Constrained Model (CCM) optimization is deployed to find the solution and implement uncertainty to production capacity, demand, and prices parameters. Simulation and optimization are recursively conducted for every period of time. The result shows that sustainability in teak industry can be achieved after rotation time.

This paper studies developing country teakwood production and supply chain under sustainability considerations. Although teak is a renewable resource, it requires long time to be harvested again. Furthermore, teak demand tends to increase from time to time. A teak production and supply chain model is developed to find optimal teak production and distribution that maximizes economical aspect, while maintaining renewable resource preservation and social benefit. Whole stand growth model is used to simulate growth of the planted forest. Linear fuzzy Chance Constrained Model (CCM) optimization is deployed to find the solution and implement uncertainty to production capacity, demand, and prices parameters. Simulation and optimization are recursively conducted for every period of time. The result shows that sustainability in teak industry can be achieved after rotation time.

Among the insect pests attacking teak, the teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera Cramer (Hyblaeidae, Lepidoptera) is the most widespread and serious pest causing about 44.1% loss in increment volume of plants,. Hence, in the present investigation an attempt is being made to study the population dynamics of Hyblaea puera at the agro climatic situation of coastal Odisha situating at 19.2-21.4ºN Latitude and 84.9-86.9ºE Longitude. Highest population of this pest was recorded in larger teak plants during 2nd fortnight, July 2016 and during July, 2017respectively. Spathodea campanulata was recorded little higher population during July 2nd fortnight, 2016and the other studied host, Vitex negundo recorded highest larval population during August, first fortnight, 2016 respectively. The correlation co-efficient of larval population density recorded from different host plants during different months of the year was found to be statistically significant along with prevailing rainfall and relative humidity (%). Much difference was not observed in final instar larval weight and duration, male and female adult morphology and longevity in all the studied hosts. However, more male(237.20mg) and female(287.00mg) pupal weight was observed in population reared with Spathodea campanulata Sudden appearance of Hyblaea puera populations in coastal tract of Odisha coinciding with onset of monsoon may be due to wind aided migration of moths from southern Indian states witnessing large areas under plantation of teak. The end season population is subjected to natural mortality factors like predation and parasitism (63% in July 2017 collected population). Residual population surviving the stresses, either may be perished due to non availability of sufficient fresh leaves during that period or may be migrated to nearby mangrove forests.

various mechanical and physical tests are conducted on fabricated wood plastic composite according to standards. In order to show how wood plastic composite is better for some applications, tests are also conducted on polypropylene, rose, teak and neem wood. In this study, mechanical and physical characteristics of wood plastic composite have been compared with polypropylene, rose, teak and neem wood. Finally results are analyzed.

This article examines how the British Foreign Office worked hand-in-hand with the Bombay Burma Trading Corporation, the Bangkok Monarchy, and British foresters to create and secure an informal empire over the teak forests in northern Siam, thus securing British profits, putting a Briton in charge of the Forestry Department, and keeping the French from encroaching on Burma and India. The Bangkok elite also profited by this process and gained legal and administrative control over the northern regions of Siam.

Many tropical forest plantation projects, particularly those funded through governmental or development agencies are designed to provide secondary social or environmental benefits in addition to timber. The research reported here examined the ecological effects of establishing a teak (Tectona grandis) plantation on an abandoned pasture in southwestern Costa Rica. The 10-year-old plantation’s understory was evaluated using a nearby non-planted area as a baseline for potential local recruitment of native tree species. The native trees in the teak plantation were significantly less abundant, less diverse, and more restricted to the lower height classes than the trees in the abandoned pasture. Furthermore, trees with shrubby growth forms dominated the plantation’s understory, whereas larger species were more common in the unplanted abandoned pasture. Several aspects of teak’s biology may contribute to the species’ exclusion of native trees. The primary goal of nearly all forest plantations is the production of timber. However, for those managers secondarily interested in the goal of providing habitat for native forest species, teak appears to be a poor choice of crop tree.

An investigation was conducted annually from 2002 to 2005 between the second week of May and the end of September on the incidence of scarab beetle, Schizonycha ruficollis (Fabricius) in a teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) nursery at Ramdongari, Nagpur, India. The immature stages, that is white grubs of the scarab beetle damaged 14%-52% of teak seedlings in the nursery beds, whereas the adult of the species, that is scarab beetles, were recorded on three new host trees (Ziziphus xylopyra, Acacia catechu and A. leucophloea) in addition to the reported hosts such as ziziphus (Z. jujuba and Z. mauritiana). Beetles of the S. ruficollis started emerging from the nursery beds just after the pre-monsoon showers and continued for 10-18 days. While beetle of S. ruficollis defoliated tree hosts available in the surroundings, the immature stages of the beetle caused major damage by feeding on root systems of teak seedlings with symptoms of wilting and mortality in forest nursery beds. The result of chemical and biological treatments for the management of grubs of S. ruficollis in nursery beds indicated phorate 10% granular at the rate of 20 g/m2 and chlorpyriphos 20% emulsifiable concentrate at the rate of 5.0 mL/m2 to be effective. Grubs of S. ruficollis have not been recorded previously as a major pest of teak (T. grandis). This is also the first report on occurrence of S. ruficollis adults on tree hosts such as Z. xylopyra, A. catechu and A. leucophloea. White grubs being pests of economic importance and the toughest insects to manage, information given in this paper on incidence, pest status and management of Schizonycha ruficollis is of importance to researchers and forest nursery managers.

The objective of this work was to characterize visual symptoms of macronutrient deficiency, and to evaluate growth and nutrient content in shoot and root system of Tectona grandis seedlings, cultivated in nutrient solutions lacking macronutrients. The seedlings were grown in commercial substratum, for 4 months, and later transferred to rhizotrons, cultivated for 30 days in complete nutrient solution, and others without N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with five replicates. The solutions were renewed every two weeks and volume completed daily with deionized water, pH around 5,5 + 0,5. The initial Tectona grandis seedling development was affected by the omission of all macronutrients, presenting symptoms that match with the pattern of most cultures. The most intense and immediate damages were observed in the absence of N and Ca causing roots to rot and stopping new roots from growing. The nutritional content of the shoot and root systems of seedlings cultured in complete solution are respectively: 38.0 and 26.9 g kg-1 of N; 8.5 and 4.0 g kg-1 of P; 22.8 and 13.1 g kg-1 of K; 2.3 and 3.7 g kg-1 of S; 10.5 and 2.0 g kg-1 of Ca; 3.0 and 1.7 g kg-1 of Mg; 175.2 mg kg-1 and 3.6 g kg-1 of Fe; 23.1 and 48.1 mg kg-1 of Zn; 4.3 and 17.8 mg kg-1 of Cu; 142.5 and 389.8 mg kg-1 of Mn.

The investigation on " Morphological variations in Teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) clones " was carried out at Rajpipla Silviculture Forest Division, Rajpipla, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari (Gujarat). The experiment comprised of 15 clones viz. East) and C15-Khatam (Rajpipla East). This experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) comprising of fifteen clones and three replications. Significantly maximum plant height, diameter at breast height and 100 seed weight was noted in clone C7-Achhala (Godhra); leaf length in the clone C8-Kevadi (Chotaudepur); leaf width in the clone C13-Bhavnath (Junagadh); leaf area in the clone C14-Develvel (Gir East); petiole length in the clone C15-Khatam (Rajpipla East) and seed yield per plant C13-Bhavnath (Junagadh). The genotypic correlation coefficients were in general, higher than the corresponding phenotypic and environmental indicating strong inherent association between the characters. Seed yield had highly significant positive correlation with leaf width (rg= 0.3315). Whereas, seed yield had highly significant negative correlation with petiole length (rg=-0.4024) and diameter at breast height (rg=-0.3078). The rest of the traits showed non-significant positive or negative correlation. Path coefficient analysis indicated that the direct effect of diameter at breast height and petiole length on seed yield was of very high magnitude followed by leaf width.

This paper presents the chemical and mechanical wearing of high speed steel and tungsten carbide tools by some tropical woods. In the first part of the experiment, weight losses of tool materials of JIS SKH51-A, JIS SKH51-H and JIS WC-12%Co after reacting with wood extracts of coconut, oil palm, teak, red meranti and pasang were studied. In the second part of experiment, the amount of wear on the clearance face of AISI M2, AISI K5 and AISI K10 tungsten carbide bits was measured when routing these woods. The tools suffered highest percentage of weight loss when soaked in both the extractive and wood powder solution of pasang. The WC-12%Co suffered smaller percentage of weight loss compared with SKH51-A and SKH51-H. The SKH51-A suffered slightly higher percentage of weight loss than SKH51-H. The bits suffered the largest clearance wear and wear rate when used for routing oil palm wood. The wear of M2 bit was twice larger than that of K5 and K10 when routing the same wood species.

This article examines negotiations over teak and rifle sales during the reign of King Mindon (1853–1878) to consider the relationship between religious formations and the economic control of teak in the last Burmese kingdom. This article focuses on archival documents from 1864–1865 that describe the Konbaung court's struggle to purchase Enfield Rifles from a private British merchant while the British government would not allow the guns to pass through its territory. King Mindon was finally able to buy a stockpile of rifles when he threatened to stop exporting teak—the tropical hardwood highly coveted by the British for its suitability to shipbuilding. King Mindon convinced the British that he had a special Buddhist right to reserve this particular timber for monasteries and royal buildings in Mandalay. This article argues that these Enfield-teak negotiations hinged on traditional Buddhist understandings of the king as owner of the earth (bhūmisāmika) as well as on a British practice of defining Buddhism as an elevated world religion. By studying the rhetorical strategies used in these negotiations—and in related commercial treaties and royal pronouncements—this article shows how control of material resources was established through expressions of concern for the future of Buddhism. Furthermore, this article examines documents from the archives of the American Baptist mission to Burma to reveal how the powerful teak industry worked with Buddhist and Christian institutions to promote particular political leaders, ethnic groups, and religious communities at the expense of those with less access to material resources and social mobility. This collection of Burmese, British, and American sources reveals the influence of teak in the fight for religious, political, and economic control of nineteenth-century Burma.

The heartwood of teak in certain areas of Java Island displays irregular black streaks along the annual rings. We investigated the color and chemical characteristics in a radial direction of partially black-streaked heartwood samples. Color properties (pH value, inorganic element, extractive content and extractive characterization) were measured in the color co-ordinates CIELAB system. The results show that the black streak part was 12-15 brightness (L*) value units less than the normal heartwood. Furthermore, the black streak part had more red (a*) but less yellow (b*), hue (h) and chroma (C*) than the normal wood. The pH value, ash content and calcium contents of the black streak part were slightly higher than those obtained for the normal wood. The content of the low-polar extractive (n-hexane and ethyl acetate) of the black streak part was considerably higher than that for the normal wood. The blackening process was speculated to be a kind of defense mechanism indicated by remarkable amount of bioactive compound called tectoquinone.

Keywords: Tectona grandis; black streak; extractives; inorganic materials

Timer decay is caused by primarily enzymatic activities of microorganisms. For the first time fungal diversity of timber degrading fungi was studied in Gujarat, India. Timber Degrading Fungi belonging to Aphyllophorales are economically important as many of these cause serious damage in sawmills of Gujarat. To find out the association of the timber degrading fungi and timber decay problems in sawmills a survey was conducted during 2007 to 2011 in different sawmills of 5 districts of Gujarat i.e. Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Bharuch, Rajkot and Jamnagar. In the present study teak wood present in sawmills was infected with 14 types of fungi in which Lenzites sterioides and Trametes versicolor damaged the wood severely was reported for the first time. In all 94 sawmills were surveyed, the 28 sawmills were from Vadodara, 29 from Ahmedabad, 12 from Bharuch, 21 from Rajkot and 4 from Jamnagar. Out of 94 sawmills survyed, 84 sawmills were having timber rotting fungi associated with wood. Maximum f...