Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) represent an emerging threat to human and livestock health globally. In particular, those transmitted by mosquitoes present the greatest challenges to disease control efforts. An understanding of the... more
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) represent an emerging threat to human and livestock health globally. In particular, those transmitted by mosquitoes present the greatest challenges to disease control efforts. An understanding of the molecular basis for mosquito innate immunity to arbovirus infection is therefore critical to investigations regarding arbovirus evolution, virus-vector ecology, and mosquito vector competence. In this review, we discuss the current state of understanding regarding mosquito innate immunity to West Nile virus. We draw from the literature with respect to other virus-vector pairings to attempt to draw inferences to gaps in our knowledge about West Nile virus and relevant vectors.
Numerous studies examine the causal factors of entrance into prostitution and find economic marginalization, substance addiction, and interpersonal networks are common reasons women enter the trade. However, we know less about the role... more
Numerous studies examine the causal factors of entrance into prostitution and find economic marginalization, substance addiction, and interpersonal networks are common reasons women enter the trade. However, we know less about the role that age of onset plays in shaping female pathways into prostitution. Here, we build from insights into previous research by analyzing not only entry pathways but also how age categories are linked to time spent in the trade and whether the length of time in prostitution exacts a greater ‘‘toll’’ on women. Drawing from the feminist and age of onset literatures, we analyze 40 in-depth interviews with female street prostitutes from five U.S. cities. Our results underscore the importance of age as an organizing feature of women’s pathways into prostitution and the potential associated consequences of working in this trade.
Albania is facing a challenging task regarding the further development of its transport infrastructure. With the accession to the European Union in mind, the Government of Albania has committed itself to providing some roadway links... more
Albania is facing a challenging task regarding the further development of its transport infrastructure. With the accession to the European Union in mind, the Government of Albania has committed itself to providing some roadway links identified as being integral parts of the planned Pan European Corridors. Being crucial for the economic development of the wider Balkans area, the part that directly relates to Albanian interests is the 8th Pan European, also known as the East–West (Durres–Skopje–Sofia–Varna), Corridor. At this time, both the East–West and North–South corridors in Albania are almost finished, but some sections of the national road network still require rehabilitation before the two strategic routes can be considered complete. Actually, the central part of the countries road network, especially the road section from Durres to Tirana and Elbasan, is of importance and interest. In the last 14 years, the road section from Durres to Tirana has been built as a 4–lane dual fac...
AbstractToll plazas are one kind of highway node that pose a challenge to the flow of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Some toll roads have open road tolling (ORT), which makes it easier and more efficie...
Converting traditional barrier-type toll facilities to open road tolling has the potential to dramatically increase the flow rate of a given road. However, the process of transforming a barrier-type system into a free flow toll road... more
Converting traditional barrier-type toll facilities to open road tolling has the potential to dramatically increase the flow rate of a given road. However, the process of transforming a barrier-type system into a free flow toll road presents a number of operational challenges for decision makers. In this paper, we use a simulation model of toll plaza flow to measure the impact of such a conversion on capacity and queuing. We find that the process of conversion is complex and has the potential to undermine many of the flow improvements that are inherent in electronic toll collection.
