Traction

This paper proposes a method to estimate the magnet temperature in surface permanent-magnet machines using high-frequency carrier signal injection. The injection of a high-frequency signal, superimposed on the fundamental excitation, allows the estimation of the stator high-frequency impedance, which is a function of both the stator and rotor impedances. The temperature of the magnets is shown to have a significant weight on the overall stator high-frequency impedance, from which it can be estimated. The high-frequency carrier signal is injected intermittently in order to minimize potential adverse effects on the normal operation of the machine. This paper first explains the physics behind the magnet temperature dependence. Then, the principles of the method, as well as its practical implementation, are discussed. Experimental verification of the method is provided.

To quantify the effects of traction alone and in combination with distension of air in different joint positions in order to find out the conditions for adequate distraction of the hip joint with minimal traction force. Experimental cadaver study. Eight cadaver hip joints were studied. The cadavers were placed supine on a fracture table and traction was applied in different joint positions for flexion and abduction with and without distension using air. For the measurement, the joint space between the acetabulum and femoral head was separated by 4 different lines characterizing the lateral margin of the acetabulum, the superior portions of the lunate cartilage, and the acetabular fossa. At all measurement lines, distraction of the hip was significantly better when traction and distension were combined. At traction forces from 250 to 300 N, traction plus distension resulted in a 1.59- to 2.25-fold increase of joint distraction compared to traction alone. The maximum effect of distension was achieved between 200 and 250 N. Up to traction forces of 250 N, the joint vacuum force counted for more than half of the total resistance. The effects of flexion and abduction on distraction of the hip were smaller. A trend for better distraction was found for 20 degrees of flexion and a significantly better distraction by avoiding abduction. High traction forces by breakage of the joint seal can be avoided by distension using air. The passive resistance of the soft tissues increases at higher traction forces. Slight flexion without abduction showed further increase of joint distraction. Reducing the amount of traction may possibly reduce the risk of soft tissue perineal and neurologic injuries.

The new, 160 mile long Amtrak Northeast Corridor railway electrification project has four supply substations that connect 115 kV utility power to the 55 kV single-phase, AC traction power system. Eighteen autotransformer-paralleling stations are spaced along the route. Each autotransformer connects the overhead catenary to an auxiliary feeder line, with the rails tied to an intermediate point of the autotransformer. Each train draws power from two adjoining autotransformers. The protection scheme includes distance protection for the catenary and feeder lines, transformer protection for the power transformers and autotransformers, plus bus protection and backup protection. The protection scheme uses a specialized type of numerical distance protection relay optimized for railway traction systems. In the event of a fault on the protected part of the line, a trip occurs and the relay calculates the distance to the fault. All the autotransformers within that distance are automatically disconnected, and the relay attempts a reclose. If the reclose is successful, the autotransformers are reconnected

The existence of industrial actions and our communal construction depends on low cost and continuous supply of electrical energy. Even the advancement of a country is self-possessed in positions of per capita intake of electrical energy. The same is in the case of trains, the major network of transport in India. This paper emphasis on the design of electrical energy in the supreme advanced technique. In this paper rotational energy is used for the assembly of electricity. When associated to other procedures of energy like solar, fuel cell etc., the rotational energy has extraordinary efficient ways and means for producing electricity. This paper purposes of setting up miniature power stations at the foul points of the railway rail wherever the fuel supply is limited. The prevailing structure of train wheels are operated in the
making of electricity over other minor rollers close-fitting to the rail. These minor rollers rotate and this rotational energy can be amplified and transformed. This obtained electrical energy supply that can be used as unrestricted power supply for railway utilities such as water streaming, charging electrical gadgets, LCD display supply for traveler list, train time scheduling, lighting the podium bulbs, fan, signal lights etc. Most crowded cities like Mumbai, Chennai and Delhi etc. in India such scheme can be definitely implemented. The proposal of the corresponding scheme equally at the entrance and departure path in the railway station or when mounted at intersections nearby rural area, can afford electricity free of cost for minor scale actions.

Conforme aux programmes officiels du LMD, ce polycopié (cours et exercices) de la matière : Comportement Mécanique des Matériaux Métalliques s’adresse aux étudiants de Master et Licence, spécialité Génie des matériaux, Filière de Génie Mécanique du domaine des
Sciences et Technologie (ST). Le cours est structuré selon le programme de la matière (1er semestre, Master 1 GM) et le contenu des chapitres est largement inspiré des documents et sources cités dans la liste des
références bibliographiques. Ce polycopié est organisé en Cinque chapitres qui suivent plus ou moins le déroulement des séances de cours.

Proper selection of energy-efficient agricultural machinery helps to reduce drudgery, increase cropping intensity and reduce time required for field preparation. With conventional tillage implements, multiple passes are required to obtain desired seedbed which increase soil compaction due to repeated movement of tractor in field. With combined tillage implements two or more tillage implements are combined to reduce time and fuel energy required for seedbed preparation. In this paper, various researches on active-passive and passive-passive configurations of combined tillage implements have been discussed along with their working principles. It was found that these were associated with less draft, specific energy, and tire slippage compared to conventional implements which provides a sound basis for using them with suitable engine power to improve the power utilization of tractors. Hence, use of these implements could help to reduce soil compaction, labour, fuel cost as well as save time in preparing seedbed. More analytical studies and classical approaches are needed to predict energy requirements of these implements from the knowledge of individual energy requirements of conventional implements to help in proper matching of tractor-implement and also to develop decision support systems. Considering their promising outcomes, they will emerge as effective tools to improve agricultural mechanization.