Tubercolosis

Tuberculosis continues to be an important disease both in humans and animals. It causes morbidity, mortality and economic loss worldwide. The occurrence of Mycobacterium bovis disease in humans, domesticated and wild animals confirms the relevance of this zoonosis. M. bovis in humans continues to be reported in industrialised countries and in immigrants from regions of the world where tuberculosis in cattle is endemic. The real incidence of M. bovis in humans in developing countries continues to be roughly under-estimated due to the scarcity of appropriate laboratory facilities to isolate and to differentiate M. bovis strains. In Latin America, less than 1% of tuberculosis cases are reported as being due to M. bovis. However, the economic relevance that meat and dairy industries play in these countries stimulates the promotion of bovine tuberculosis eradication programmes. Human-to-human airborne transmission of M. bovis does occur and it may be important where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans is prevalent, M. bovis infection in cattle is enzootic and pasteurisation of dairy products is not routinely practised. Eradication of M. bovis in cattle and pasteurisation of dairy products are the cornerstones of prevention of human disease. Measures should be developed to identify and control M. bovis infection in wild animals as these may be important reservoirs of infection for domesticated food-producing animals. There is a need for medical and veterinary professionals to cooperate on disease outbreaks. The information presented herein strongly supports the ‘One World/One Health/One Medicine’ concept.

Significativo esempio di architettura sociale degli anni cinquanta, il Dispensario Antitubercolare di Cesano Maderno costituisce la testimonianza del progetto ministeriale di segnare il territorio italiano attraverso la capillare presenza di osservatori e presidi sanitari locali. Oltre a enucleare le fasi salienti progettuali e dell’iter burocratico che hanno portato all’edificazione del centro igienico-assistenziale cesanese, il saggio ripercorre le fasi precedenti alla sua realizzazione connesse al tema della dismissione dell’antico cimitero urbano e allo smaltimento dei resti dalla sua demolizione. Poggiandosi sulla lettura e interpretazione critica di un’ampia documentazione archivistica completamente inedita, l’autore mostra come il valore dell’esperienza cesanese non sia di portata esclusivamente locale, ma appartenga alla storia del vasto processo culturale e medico-scientifico nazionale e alla storia dei tentativi di contrastare le malattie endemiche e alle patologie tubercolari che diede origine a specifiche tipologie architettoniche non ancora pienamente studiate e valorizzate.

The Antitubercular Dispensary, a stage in the Italian history of healthcare in Cesano Maderno
Significant example of social architecture of the fifties, the Anti-tubercular Dispensary of Cesano Maderno is the testimony of the ministerial project to mark the Italian territory through the widespread presence of observatories and local health centers. In addition to identifying the salient design phases and the bureaucratic process that led to the construction of the Cesanese health and hygiene center, the essay retraces the previous phases to its construction connected to the theme of the disposal of the ancient urban cemetery and the disposal of the remains from the demolition. Relying on the reading and critical interpretation of a vast, completely unpublished archival documentation, the author shows how the value of the Cesanese experience is not exclusively local in scope, but belongs to the history of the vast national cultural and medical-scientific process and to the history of attempts to combat endemic diseases and tuberculous pathologies that gave rise to specific architectural typologies not yet fully studied and valued.

— The objective of this work was to reveal the tuberculosis condition of human patients by means of the voice recording and processing, in order to evidence deviations, if any, with respect to the voice parameters of healthy people. Comprehensive voice signal recording was obtained with low-cost apparatuses, and voice signal processing was realized using very low-computational effort parameters. A total of 312 patients were engaged, 284 tuberculosis diagnosed and 28 in healthy status as an age-and sex-matched control group. We demonstrated that the voice can be used as a discriminating source of information between healthy subjects and tuberculosis patients, since evidence of alterations founded in some of the voice features.

In this palaeobiological and palaeopathological study of skeletal remains, we attempt to define the physical characteristics, living conditions and the state of health of a small sample from two early Iron Age (IX-VIII century BC) graves at Capo Colonna, Trani (Bari, Apulia, southern Italy). In the thoraco-lumbar segment (T11-L1) of the vertebral column of an adult male 35 years old, we found wedge-shaped deformation of the anterior part of T12 with kyphosis of the affected tract.Digital radiography and volumetric reconstruction by 3D CT indicated that the alteration did not result from an infectious process (Pott's disease). Instead, it was a traumatic lesion probably caused by falling from a height. The archaeological investigation revealed extraordinary arrangements of the bodies in the graves: they were burid with a boulder placed on the coffin. This practice has been seen in similar graves in the Balkan area, particularly in Greece, from the Neolithic to the Early Middle Ages.The most likely explanation is a funeral ritual characterized by necrophobia, the purpose of wich was to prevent the deceased from returning to terrorize the living

The authors present a case report on co-infection of brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered at the Bodija abattoir in Ibadan, Nigeria. Out of 32 animals that were seropositive for brucellosis using the Rose Bengal test, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and competitive ELISA, six were also demonstrated as being infected with tuberculosis through mycobacterial culture. This is the first report of co-infection of brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered in Nigeria. There is a need for further studies to investigate this occurrence.

Tubercolisis adalah penyakit infeksi menular yang di sebabkan oleh kuman Mycobacterium Tuberkolosis, namun tidak menutup kemungkinan penyakit ini bisa menyerang organ tubuh lain seperti; otak, ginjal, tulang, dll (TB Ekstra Paru). TB MDR (Multi Drug Resistance), adalah TB yang yang disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium Tuberkolosis, resistance secara in vitro terhadap isiniozid (H) dan rifampisin (R), dengan atau tanpa resistance obat lainnya. Terdapat dua jenis kasus resisten yaitu kasus batu dan kasus telah diobati sebelumnya. Kasus baru resisten obat TB yaitu terdapat galur M.Tb rsisten pada pasien baru diagnosis Tb dan sebelumnya tidak pernah diobati dengan obat anti TB (OAT), atau durasi terapi kurang 1 bulan. Pasien ini terinfeksi galur M.Tb yang telah resisten obat disebut resistensi primer. Kasus resistensi OAT yang telah diobati sebelumnya yaitu telah mengikuti atau telah menjalani pengobatan TB Regular, namun karena beberapa factor keterlambatan minum obat, dan keseriusan minum obat sehingga obat yang telah dikonsumsi menjadi resisten dan dikategorikan pasien dengan RO (Resistensi Obat). Tuberkulosis (TB) merupakan penyakit yang menjadi permasalahan global dan memerlukan kerjasama lintas sektor untuk menanggulanginya. Salah satu target dalam Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adalah menghentikan epidemik TB di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2030. Dalam upaya pencapaian target ini, maka diperlukan pelayanan yang berkualitas, strategi yang

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is among the world's top public health challenges and the leading killer of people with HIV, yet is a treatable disease. This study aimed to assess, in a real-world setting, the implementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and Cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) policy, specific interventions proven to benefit patients in HIV-associated TB care.

The authors describe a study of the tuberculosis (TB) incidence in cattle exposed to low doses of radiation resulting from the Chernobyl (pronounced ‘Chornobyl’ in Ukrainian) nuclear plant catastrophe in 1986. The purpose of the study was to determine if ionising radiation influences the number of outbreaks of bovine TB and their severity on farms in the Kyiv, Cherkasy and Chernigiv regions of Ukraine. These farms are all located within a 200 km radius of Chernobyl and have had low-dose radiation pollution. Pathological and blood samples were taken from cattle in those regions that had positive TB skin tests. Mycobacterium spp. were isolated, differentiated by PCR, analysed and tested in guinea-pigs and rabbits. Species differentiation showed a significant percentage of atypical mycobacteria, which resulted in the allergic reactions to tuberculin antigen in the skin test. Mixed infection of M. bovis and M. avium subsp. hominissuis was found in three cases. The results concluded that low-dose radiation plays a major role in the occurrence of bovine TB in regions affected by the Chernobyl nuclear disaster.

The authors present a case report on co-infection of brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered at the Bodija abattoir in Ibadan, Nigeria. Out of 32 animals that were seropositive for brucellosis using the Rose Bengal test, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and competitive ELISA, six were also demonstrated as being infected with tuberculosis through mycobacterial culture. This is the first report of co-infection of brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered in Nigeria. There is a need for further studies to investigate this occurrence.

In the present study, we analyzed the role of purinergic P2X7 receptor in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and host interaction mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. For experimental procedures, a macrophage murine cell line RAW 264.7, and male Swiss, wild-type C57BL/6 and P2X7 receptor knockout (P2X7R−/−) mice were used throughout this study. We have demonstrated that treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with ATP (3 and 5 mM) resulted in a statistically significant reduction of M. tuberculosis-colony-forming units. The purinergic P2X7 receptor expression was found significantly augmented in the lungs of mice infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Infected wild-type mice showed a marked increase in the spleen weight, in comparison to non-infected animals. Furthermore, M. tuberculosis-infected P2X7R−/− mice showed an increase of M. tuberculosis burden in lung tissue, when compared to infected wild-type mice. In P2X7R−/− spleens, we observed a significant decrease in the populations of Treg (CD4+Foxp3+), T cells (CD4+, CD8+CD25+ and CD4+CD25+), dendritic cells (CD11c+) and B220+ cells. However, a significant increase in CD11b+ cells was observed in P2X7R−/− mice, when compared to wild-type animals. In the lungs, P2X7R−/−M. tuberculosis-infected mice exhibited pulmonary infiltrates containing an increase of Treg cells (CD4+Foxp3+), T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) and a decrease in the B220+ cells, when compared with wild-type M. tuberculosis-infected mice. The findings observed in the present study provide novel evidence on the role of P2X7 receptors in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.

In vitro production of bovine interferon gamma (BoIFN-γ) cyokine from bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can be detected using the most sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay. ELISPOT assays are dependent on the quantity and quality of PBMC preparations and hence contribute significantly to the performance of this assay. In order to standardise the methods for isolation of PBMCs, we compared two methods for the processing of bovine blood which included aliquots of blood that were stored in a horizontal position without dilution or agitation and aliquots of blood that were immediately diluted 1:1 with complete Rosewell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium and stored in a horizontal position with gentle agitation. PBMCs were isolated at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h and at 4°C and at 22°C ± 2°C. They were stimulated using tuberculosis-specific antigens, after which the ELISPOT assay was performed. Quantities of spot-forming cells (SFC) created by the release of BoIFN-γ in ELISPOT assays were significantly greater in the samples stored at 22°C ± 2°C than those held +4°C and the intensity of the signals dropped following processing after 6 h. A further drop in SFC was observed in those samples that had been stored undiluted and without agitation. These findings demonstrated that optimisation of PBMC isolation procedures can lead to increased sensitivity in the detection of BoIFN-γ using the ELISPOT assay, thus contributing to an enhanced diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) causes almost 2 million deaths annually, and an increasing number of patients are resistant to existing therapies. Patients who have TB require lengthy chemotherapy, possibly because of poor penetration of antibiotics into granulomas where the bacilli reside. Granulomas are morphologically similar to solid cancerous tumors in that they contain hypoxic microenvironments and can be highly fibrotic. Here, we show that TB-infected rabbits have impaired small molecule distribution into these disease sites due to a functionally abnormal vasculature, with a low-molecular-weight tracer accumulating only in peripheral regions of granulomatous lesions. Granuloma-associated vessels are morphologically and spatially heterogeneous, with poor vessel pericyte coverage in both human and experimental rabbit TB granulomas. Moreover, we found enhanced VEGF expression in both species. In tumors, antiangiogenic, specifically anti-VEGF, treatments can "normalize" their vasculature, reducing hypoxia and creating a window of opportunity for concurrent chemotherapy; thus, we investigated vessel normalization in rabbit TB granulomas. Treatment of TB-infected rabbits with the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab significantly decreased the total number of vessels while normalizing those vessels that remained. As a result, hypoxic fractions of these granulomas were reduced and small molecule tracer delivery was increased. These findings demonstrate that bevacizumab treatment promotes vascular normalization, improves small molecule delivery, and decreases hypoxia in TB granulomas, thereby providing a potential avenue to improve delivery and efficacy of current treatment regimens.