Ultrasound Imaging

This recommendation document follows the mission of the World Association of Perinatal Medicine in collaboration with the Perinatal Medicine Foundation. We aim to bring together groups and individuals throughout the world for precise standardization to implement the ultrasound evaluation of the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy and improve the early detection of anomalies and the clinical management of the pregnancy. The aim is to present a document that includes statements and recommendations on the standard evaluation of the fetal anatomy in the first trimester, based on quality evidence in the peer-reviewed literature as well as the experience of perinatal experts around the world.

To determine the proportion and timing for suspecting the diagnosis of gall bladder carcinoma in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis. A retrospective study conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi over a period of six years, included medical records of patients, with cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis and a histopathological diagnosis of gall bladder carcinoma. An extensive review was done with special reference to the features of suspected or unsuspected gall bladder carcinoma. Timing of suspicion was categorized on the basis of clinical features, investigations, operative and histopathological findings. Out of 1396 cholecystectomies performed during the period of study, sixteen patients (1.15%) were diagnosed as gall bladder carcinoma. Only three patients had pre-operative ultrasonographic features to raise suspicion for gall bladder malignancy whereas eight patients were suspected to have a malignant lesion, on the operative findings. Five patient...

A análise visual ordinária - pedagogicamente incutida, mecânica e rotineira - produz dor na imagem analisada: ela revela e articula o desejo de compreensão do espectador como um desejo doloroso. E isso, por sua vez, permite que a análise histórica ou crítica da arte avance e crie o seu próprio prazer. Na medida em que o lingchi pode fornecer um modelo de visão histórica da arte em geral, ele pode também oferecer uma crítica profunda dos protocolos institucionais da disciplina da história da arte: a sua frieza, a sua propensão para controlar o visual, o seu interesse dissimulado em produzir dor.

Background/Objectives: Breast cancer remains one of the biggest health challenges for women worldwide, and early detection can be truly lifesaving. Although ultrasound imaging is commonly used to detect tumors, the images are not always of sufficient quality, and, thus, traditional U-Net models often miss the finer details needed for accurate detection. This outcome can result in lower accuracy, making early and precise diagnosis more difficult. Methods: This study presents an enhanced U-Net model integrated with a Capsule Network (called UCapsNet) to overcome the limitations of conventional techniques. Our approach improves segmentation by leveraging higher filter counts and skip connections, while the capsule network enhances classification by preserving spatial hierarchies through dynamic routing. The proposed UCapsNet model operates in two stages: first, it segments tumor regions using an enhanced U-Net, followed by a classification of the segmented images with the capsule network. Results: We have tested our model against well-known pre-trained models, including VGG-19, DenseNet, MobileNet, ResNet-50, and Xception. By properly addressing the limitations found in previous studies and using a capsule network trained on the Breast Ultrasound Image (BUSI) dataset, our model resulted in top-achieving impressive precision, recall, and accuracy rates of 98.12%, 99.52%, and 99.22%, respectively. Conclusions: By combining the U-Net’s powerful segmentation capabilities with the capsule network’s high classification accuracy, UCapsNet boosts diagnostic precision and addresses key weaknesses in existing methods. The findings demonstrate that the proposed model is not only more effective in detecting tumors but also more reliable for practical applications in clinical settings.

Medical sonography is an imaging modality that takes static images of organs and
tissues, dynamic images of heart and lung movement, and kinetic images of blood
flow. A well-known and common example of sonography is the imaging of fetuses as
part of prenatal checkups.
US imaging is much easier to handle by a physician than any radiation-based
method. It can be applied locally at the bedside or at the site of an accident and it
does not require special safety procedures for the patient or for the examining staff.
Direct communication with the patient is possible during examination, which is an
important advantage compared to other imaging modalities such as MRI, CT, or PET.
On the downside, conventional US images have lower resolution and require considerable
experience to properly interpret them for useful diagnostics.

Objective: To evaluate the performance of lung ultrasound to determine short-term outcomes of patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit. Methods: This is a Prospective, observational study. Between July and November 2020, 59 patients were included and underwent at least two LUS assessments using LUS score (range 0-42) on day of admission, day 5th, and 10th of admission. Results: Age was 66.5±15 years, APACHE II was 8.3±3.9, 12 (20%) patients had malignancy, 46 (78%) patients had a non-invasive ventilation/high-flow nasal cannula and 38 (64%) patients required mechanical ventilation. The median stay in ICU was 12 days (IQR 8.5-20.5 days). ICU or hospital mortality was 54%. On admission, the LUS score was 20.8±6.1; on day 5th and day 10th of admission, scores were 27.6±5.5 and 29.4±5.3, respectively (P=0.007). As clinical condition deteriorated the LUS score increased, with a positive correlation of 0.52, P <0.001. Patients with worse LUS on day 5th versus better s...

Purpose We conducted this study to review our experience of peritoneal drainages (paracentesis) performed by interventional radiology technologists. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective study of peritoneal drainages performed by interventional radiology technologists. Results We reviewed all peritoneal drainages performed in interventional radiology between November 2018 and November 2021. The review process included success rate, volume drained, catheter duration, and complications. Conclusion Interventional radiology technologists can safely perform ultrasound-guided peritoneal drainages. Extending Interventional radiology technologists' role to perform ultrasound-guided peritoneal drainages allows interventional radiologists to do more complex procedures, enhances the workflow, and increases the efficiency of the interventional radiology team.

Ultrasonography has been widely used in domestic animals for reproductive management and for diagnosis of diseases and disorders. In dairy buffaloes, although extensive studies have been conducted on pregnancy diagnosis and fetal monitoring for reproductive management, there are very few reports on the use of diagnostic ultrasound for disease diagnosis. Most of the studies in this species involved diagnosis of diseases and disorders of the lungs, diaphragm, heart, reticulum, omasum, rumen, intestines, liver, uterus, ovaries, mammary gland and teats. Very few investigations have been done on the musculo-skeletal system, the spleen, urinary tract, sensory organs and male reproductive organs. In addition, Doppler echocardiography has not been utilized for diagnosis of cardiovascular disorders. Further investigations on the use of ultrasonography for diagnosis of various diseases and disorders of the buffalo are warranted.

Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) frequently coexist due to overlapping risk factors such as metabolic syndrome and obesity. T2DM exacerbates the progression of NAFLD, increasing the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, early detection of liver fibrosis is crucial to prevent severe liver disease. A 2D shear wave elastography (2D SWE) has emerged as a reliable non-invasive method for assessing liver stiffness, potentially reducing the need for liver biopsies and facilitating prompt treatment interventions. Methods This cross-sectional study, conducted over 18 months, included 100 T2DM and NAFLD patients from the

Interventional radiology is an emerging field in Nigeria, with well-established practices in the Global South, including the United Kingdom and the United States. This article aims to highlight significant advancements, including the establishment of professional organizations and training programs. It provides a historical context, examines the current state of interventional radiology practice, and addresses challenges that impede the widespread adoption of IR in Nigeria.

Additionally, it identifies the critical factors driving progress in this field and presents solutions to tackle existing barriers effectively. It also offers strong insights into the future trajectory of IR in Nigeria, ensuring enhanced access to minimally invasive, image-guided procedures for the Nigerian population.

All the contents of this work, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Todo o conteúdo deste trabalho, exceto quando houver ressalva, é publicado sob a licença Creative Commons Atribição 4.0. Todo el contenido de esta obra, excepto donde se indique lo contrario, está bajo licencia de la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento 4.0. "Meio quilo de gente" um estudo antropológico sobre ultrassom obstétrico

La ascariasis es una parasitosis frecuente en la poblacion infantil mundial, presentamos el caso de una adolescente de 13 anos, procedente de Moyobamba, con “desparasitacion” hace 15 dias. Ingresa por dolor abdominal intenso de 10 dias de evolucion, tipo colico, asociado a vomitos e hiporexia, que se exacerba 2 horas antes. Al examen: mucosas humedas, anicterica, abdomen blando, depresible, doloroso a la palpacion en epigastrio e hipocondrio derecho, Murphy (+). Los examenes muestran hiper transaminasemia y la ecografia abdominal imagen tubular intraluminal sugestiva de ascaris en via biliar. Inicia tratamiento con piperazina y ceftazidima. En controles ecograficos persisten restos tubulares parasitarios no viables. La paciente evoluciona favorablemente. Finalmente tomografia abdominal muestra la via biliar libre.

Imaging of thyroid dysfunction is safe and clinically relevant in children. In congenital hypothyroidism (CH), thyroid imaging permits a precise characterization of the aetiology, which is important for genetic counselling and clinical management. CH may be due to thyroid dysgenesis (ectopia, hypoplasia and athyrosis) or occurs in eutopic glands. In the latter, hypothyroidism may be either transient, especially after iodine overload, or due to permanent autosomal recessive dyshormonogenesis. Thyroid scintigraphy (TS) with either 99mTcO4 or 123I will identify ectopic thyroid tissue, which is the commonest cause of CH. However, recent reports favour the use of 123I, which enhances the accuracy of the aetiological classification. In cases of eutopic thyroid, the measurement of 123I uptake before and after perchlorate administration evaluates the organification process. At all ages, colour Doppler ultrasound scanning (CDU) is helpful in assessing thyroid volume, in identifying nodules a...

Ultrasonic methods for material characterization have increasingly been used for the last decades thanks to advances in electronics and digital technologies since conventional methods accommodate several disadvantages like being time consuming. Advanced technology has brought highly accurate measurements with reasonable confidence level, and flexible ultrasonic testing parameters. The aim of this work is to carry out material characterization by combining modeling study and outputs of the ultrasonic device. This study, being both theoretical and experimental, is divided into three subsections; characterization of non-linear viscoelastic parameters, concentration measurement of solutions and particle size measurement by ultrasonic methods. Viscoelastic parameters can be determined by the use of ultrasonic methods. In order to evaluate the output of the ultrasonic measurements properly, these outputs should be related to the material properties. Hence, a proper modeling of sound propa...

Testicular Schistosomiasis causes acute and chronic scrotal pain causes, typically by one or more species of blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, which are rarely seen. Therefore, specimens for the diagnosis are usually biopsies from the testes and tissue sections from orchidectomy. This case report was aimed to present the diagnosis of testicular Schistosomiasis resulting from orchidectomy due to prolonged scrotal pain. Microscopic examination of a histological specimen stained by hematoxylin and eosin revealed dispersed viable and calcified ova of Schistosoma haematobium. This finding provided a rare case of testicular Schistosomiasis that clinicians and other healthcare professionals should be mindful of when dealing with cases with scrotal involvement, especially in endemic areas, to avoid unnecessary orchidectomy. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 12(4):167-170.

Ultrasonic imaging is a well-established technique in medicine. However, in most conventional applications of clinical ultrasonic scanners only the peak amplitude echogenicity is used to create the image. Moreover, signal envelope detection destroys potentially useful information about frequency dependence of acoustic properties of tissue comprised in RF backscattered echoes. We have explored the possibility of developing the method of imaging the distribution of the acoustic attenuation in tissue. We expect that the method will help in localization of the pathological states of tissue including tumors and diffuse liver diseases. The spatial resolution and precision of the method are crucial for medical diagnosis, hence the synthetic aperture technique was applied for ultrasonic data collection. The final goal of the presented project is to develop reliable diagnostic tool, which could be implemented in standard USG systems, as the new visualization mode.

Background: Sway-back posture (SBP) is a common type of posture among gymnastic athletes that can cause muscle imbalances and pain in the neck and low back regions. The psoas muscle is an important postural muscle that may be involved in this posture. However, the thickness of the psoas muscle and lumbopelvic alignment in gymnasts with SBP has not been studied. Objective: This study aims to investigate the thickness and strength of the psoas muscle, lordosis, and pelvic tilt in female gymnasts with SBP and normal posture. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 17 female elite artistic gymnasts, aged 22.1 ± 5.01 years. Among them, ten had SBP, while seven exhibited a normal posture. Ultrasonography, a manual dynamometer, a flexible ruler, and a manual inclinometer were used to measure muscle thickness, strength, lumbar lordosis, and pelvic tilt, respectively. Results: The thickness of the psoas muscle at the levels L2-L3 and L3-L4 in female gymnasts with SBP was significantly less than in those with normal posture (L2-L3: p = .021, η p 2 = .327; L3-L4: p = .035, η p 2 = .281). However, the strength (p = .732, η p 2 = .009) and strength-to-thickness ratio of the psoas muscle (p = .356, η p 2 = .061), degrees of lordosis (p = .414, d = 0.41), and pelvic tilt (p = .323, d = 0.52) did not significantly differ between the two groups. Conclusions: The present study revealed the thickness of the psoas muscle was significantly decreased in gymnasts with SBP while its strength was not different from the controls. This may be considered as a prelude for possible changes in bony alignments in the future. Future studies could potentially explore the implications of these findings for training and injury prevention strategies among gymnasts.

Infertility affecting approximately one in seven couples globally is a poorly documented issue in Iraq. This study examines the epidemiology of infertility among 82 Iraqi couples undergoing assisted conception at Al-Razzi Hospital in Ramadi. Retrospective analysis of medical records provided insights into sociodemographic profiles, infertility types (primary or secondary), and causes. The age range for males and females was 17-59 years, with means of 34.5 (±7.4) and 31.4 (±7.3) years, respectively. Infertility duration spanned a mean of 4.9 (±3.9) years. Primary infertility affected 74% of couples, while 25.6% experienced secondary infertility. Among the couples, the biochemical pregnancy rate was 45%, the clinical pregnancy rate was 38%, and the rate of live births was 24%. The average embryo transfer was 3.4, with a 21% miscarriage rate. This study emphasizes high rates of primary infertility dominated by female factors. Future research should consider larger population and detailed data on outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles to enhance understanding on the current (in)fertility status in Iraq.

Background: The comparison between voluntary and automatic contraction of deep abdominal muscles in patients with Nonspecific Low Back Pain (nLBP) may the best treat for them. The aim of this case-controlled study was to compare changes in the thickness of the Transverses Abdomin is (TrA) and Internal Oblique (IO) muscles during the Abdominal Drawing-In Maneuver (ADIM) and the Active Straight-Leg Raise (ASLR) test. Methods: This study involved 30 women including 20 women with and 10 women without nonspecific low back pain. The abdominal muscle thickness in the supine crook-lying, ASLR, and ADIM exercises were measured. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare the thickness ratio results between the two groups. Results: There were significant differences between the TrA (p < 0.05) and IO (p < 0.05) muscle thickness ratios during the ADIM compared to the ASLR in the neutral lumbar posture in supine lying in the healthy group; However, in the subjects with nLBP, only t...

Background: Atypical movement patterns in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been reported. Compared with typical developing (TD) children, children with ASD took more time to complete a point-to-point movement (Dowd et al., 2012), but adults with ASD performed faster horizontal arm swings than their typical counterparts (Cook et al., 2013). Incongruent kinematic results are common in the literature, which may imply that the kinematic features in ASD are task-dependent, but this is yet not well understood. Smart tablet gameplay has been proposed as a new paradigm to measure the movement features of ASD in young children (Anzulewicz et al., 2016). In this study, smart tablet games were employed to test for kinematic differences in autism, and the effect of the task. Objectives: The study aims to compute the swipe kinematics during smart tablet gameplay, and to compare these characteristic movements between ASD and TD children within different gameplay contexts. Methods: 37 ASD chil...

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used in biomedical science and can form composites that have broad applicability. One promising application where PDMS composites offer several advantages is optical ultrasound generation via the photoacoustic effect. Here, methods to create these PDMS composites are reviewed and classified. It is highlighted how the composites can be applied to a range of substrates, from micrometer‐scale, temperature‐sensitive optical fibers to centimeter‐scale curved and planar surfaces. The resulting composites have enabled all‐optical ultrasound imaging of biological tissues both ex vivo and in vivo, with high spatial resolution and with clinically relevant contrast. In addition, the first 3D all‐optical pulse‐echo ultrasound imaging of ex vivo human tissue, using a PDMS‐multiwalled carbon nanotube composite and a fiber‐optic ultrasound receiver, is presented. Gold nanoparticle‐PDMS and crystal violet‐PDMS composites with prominent absorption at one wavelen...

ABSTRACTEvolution in ultrasound technology leads to birth of high frequency, high resolution linear transducers which in turn revolutionized the imaging of superficial structures. The majority of cases presenting to clinician in day-to-day practice as facial lumps or neck lump could be evaluated using ultrasound and help in imaging of salivary gland lesions. The age of the clinical presentation and morphological characteristics of lesions on ultrasound helped us in making confident diagnosis which was correlated on fine needle aspiration cytology/histopathology studies.