Unloading Scarp

In the process or manufacturing industry, raw materials need to be transported from one manufacturing stage to another. Material handling equipment are designed such that they facilitate easy, cheap, fast and safe loading and unloading with least human interference. For instance, belt conveyor system can be employed for easy handling of materials beyond human capacity in terms of weight and height. This paper discusses the design calculations and considerations of belt conveyor system for biomass wood using 3 rolls idlers, in terms of size, length, capacity and speed, roller diameter, power and tension, idler spacing, type of drive unit, diameter, location and arrangement of pulley, angle and axis of rotation, control mode, intended application, product to be handled as well as its maximum loading capacity in order ensure fast, continuous and efficient movement of crushed biomass wood while avoiding fatalities during loading and unloading. The successful completion of this research work has generated design data for industrial uses in the development of an automated belt conveyor system which is fast, safe and efficient.

ABSTRACT
A cut-and-cover tunnel was designed for a highway in Northwestern Greece. The temporary cut was approximately 30m high andexcavated in tectonically disturbed flysch with layers dipping in the opposite direction of the cut. The water table was found very low but rain water easily seeped through the rock mass. According to strength parameters estimated using the Hoek & Brown failurecriterion the geometry of the temporary cut provided sufficient factors of safety for overall stability. When the excavation of the cut had proceeded down to the first 10 m, a wedge failure occurred. Support measures were increased at the time and the first surfacemarkers were placed in order to monitor possible large movements. By the time only 4 m of excavation remained, two additional wedge failures and a larger scale instability recorded by the measurements from the markers and surface cracks occurred. Maximumrate of displacement on the markers in the middle of the instability reached 16 mm per day with displacement vectors from markers on the same cross-sections indicating that a deep-seated slope failure surface had formed in the weak rock mass, geometrically helpedby the orientation of fully weathered siltstone layers at the toe and discontinuities of tectonic origin at the scarp. Approximate determination of the position of the slip surface allowed back analyses to be performed. Unloading by excavation at the top led to thegradual decrease of the rate of movement to a final stop. The relation between unloading and movement is presented. After this temporary stabilization a new design with flatter slopes and prestressed anchors ensured the stability of the cut.

This paper determines the residual soil stiffness parameters at a deep excavation for a basement car park in the Kenny Hill Formation. Parametric studies revealed that the horizontal wall deflection at each stage of excavation could be reasonably predicted with a simple correlation between stiffness parameters with field standard penetration tests (SPTs) N value for Hardening Soil model. The correlation between tri-axial stiffness and oedometer stiffness with standard penetration test (SPT) N value is found to be 1.5 N (MPa) with unloading-reloading stiffness three times of tri-axial stiffness. The Hardening Soil model and the correlation obtained may be applied to similar soil conditions as the Kenny Hill Formation. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0263224113004685/1-s2.0-S0263224113004685-main.pdf?_tid=2a814a02-66e4-11e3-a9a7-00000aacb35f&acdnat=1387261770_5b9bb01a3e94946e1000152bf39fcb9e 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263224113004685