Flysch

The study area, which will be open to tourism in Kusadasi (Aydin), has steep and high cliffs on the Aegean coast in Turkey. Flysch is the main lithological unit and consists of alternating sandstone–claystone–marl sequences. Some sliding and rockfall problems have occurred in the area in the past, so potential geological hazards need to be investigated to ensure the safety of tourists. The aim of this study is to mitigate geological hazards by recommending engineering solutions, which will ensure the continuation of the nature-friendly appearance of the slopes. To accomplish these tasks, a geological survey was performed. It involved gathering information on rock discontinuities by means of scan-line surveys and collection of rock samples. Furthermore, in situ and laboratory tests were also carried out. The data collected from the field and laboratory test results were used to perform slope stability and rockfall (2-D and 3-D) analyses for different slope conditions along 43 profiles. Based on the analyses, rockfall was found to be the main slope instability problem in
the study area. Under the light of these studies, rock removal, drainage, greening (vegetation), filling of caverns, protective wall building and erosion prevention are offered as remedial measures.

ABSTRACT
A cut-and-cover tunnel was designed for a highway in Northwestern Greece. The temporary cut was approximately 30m high andexcavated in tectonically disturbed flysch with layers dipping in the opposite direction of the cut. The water table was found very low but rain water easily seeped through the rock mass. According to strength parameters estimated using the Hoek & Brown failurecriterion the geometry of the temporary cut provided sufficient factors of safety for overall stability. When the excavation of the cut had proceeded down to the first 10 m, a wedge failure occurred. Support measures were increased at the time and the first surfacemarkers were placed in order to monitor possible large movements. By the time only 4 m of excavation remained, two additional wedge failures and a larger scale instability recorded by the measurements from the markers and surface cracks occurred. Maximumrate of displacement on the markers in the middle of the instability reached 16 mm per day with displacement vectors from markers on the same cross-sections indicating that a deep-seated slope failure surface had formed in the weak rock mass, geometrically helpedby the orientation of fully weathered siltstone layers at the toe and discontinuities of tectonic origin at the scarp. Approximate determination of the position of the slip surface allowed back analyses to be performed. Unloading by excavation at the top led to thegradual decrease of the rate of movement to a final stop. The relation between unloading and movement is presented. After this temporary stabilization a new design with flatter slopes and prestressed anchors ensured the stability of the cut.

Sandstone petrography and mudstone mineralogy and geochemistry of the Late OligoceneeEarly Miocene terrigenous deposits of the Macigno Fm. of the Trasimeno Lake area (Central Italy) provide new information on provenance, paleoenvironment, palaeoclimate, and geodynamics during the early stages of the northern Apennines foreland basin setting. Sandstones are rich in trace fossils and are quartz-ofeldspatic with various crystalline phaneritic (mostly granitoids) and medium-low grade metamorphic rock fragments. Volcanic and sedimentary lithic fragments are rare. The mudstone mineralogy contains a large amount of phyllosilicates, quartz, and feldspars and small amount of calcite, which increases in the mid-part of succession. Palaeoweathering indices (Chemical Index of Alteration with and without CaO value; CIA and CIA' respectively) suggest a source area that experienced low to moderate weathering and low recycling processes (on average, CIA ¼ 66.4 and CIA' ¼ 69.7). Furthermore, very low and homogeneous values of Rb/K ratios (<0.006) suggest weak to moderate weathering conditions. The sandstone and mudstone composition reflects a provenance derived from uplifted crystalline rocks. The different amount in feldspars, the variety of lithic fragments, the occurrence of mafic and carbonate input, coupled with evidence of multi-directional flows, suggest a provenance from different source areas. The geochemical proxies indicate a provenance from both felsic and mafic sources, predominantly for the Maest a section that shows Cr/V values ranging from 1.15 to 3.36 typical of source areas composed of both felsic and mafic rocks. The Western-Central Alps are inferred to be the main source area of the Macigno foreland system, but significant signals from the Mesomediterranean Microplate are also testified. These new data suggest that the Macigno Fm. was probably located in a peculiar area which received either distal fine turbidite flows from the northernmost Alpine area and residual sandy debris flows coming from the westernmost Alps.

Tourmaline populations studied from the Campanian–Maastrichtian part of the Ropianka (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene) and Menilite (Oligocene) formations of the Polish Carpathians, represent a mixture of first-cycle and polycyclic grains. The tourmalines of the deposits studied display very strong resemblance in terms of optical features and chemical composition. They belong mostly to the schorl-dravite series with a minor contribution of tourmalines of foititic or Mg-foititic composition. Euhedral tourmalines originate from metasedimentary rocks, while the rounded grains crystallised in Li-poor granitic rocks or in pegmatites, Al-poor and Al-rich metasedimentary rocks. Most of the tourmalines studied crystallised during a single igneous or metamorphic event. However, tourmalines forming in evolving chemical conditions as well as polymetamorphic grains (having a metamorphic detrital core and metamorphic overgrowths) are also present. The chemical composition of the metamorphic tourmalines studied indicates their formation in medium-grade metamorphic conditions. This is supported by the crystallisation temperature of the garnet-biotite inclusion present in one of rounded metamorphic tourmalines from the Ropianka Formation. The euhedral grains derive from metasediments, directly from a massif located close to the Skole Basin. The scarcity of euhedral grains in the tourmaline populations studied suggests that their source rocks were poor in these minerals. The direct sources of rounded tourmalines (most probably polycyclic grains), may have been Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of the Skole Basin foreland or crystalline rocks of remote source areas. The initial igneous and metamorphic host rocks of the tourmalines may have been crystalline domains of the Bohemian Massif and/or the crystalline basement of Brunovistulicum.

""Conventional and high-resolution analyses of heavy minerals from the gravity flow-deposited sandstones of the
Campanian–Maastrichtian in terval of the Ropianka (Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene) and Menilite (Oligocene) formations of
the Polish Carpathians display similar compositions in terms of mineral species. Zircon, tourmaline, rutile, garnet, staurolite
and kyanite belong to the main constituents in both formations. Apatite is common in the Ropianka Fm., while the Menilite
Fm. almost lacks this mineral. Furthermore, individual hornblende grains were found in the Ropianka Fm., while andalusite is
present only in the Menilite Fm. The Ropianka Fm. is relatively richer in zircon, tourmaline, garnet and apatite, while the
Menilite Fm. contains more staurolite and kyanite. Zircon and tourmaline colour and morphological varieties are similar in
both formations. The similarities of the heavy mineral assemblages studied suggest origin of these minerals from
lithologically similar rocks. Negative correlations between the zircon + tourmaline + rutile (ZTR) values and the content of
garnet and staurolite in the Ropianka Fm. may indicate, to a large extent, first-cycle delivery of garnet and staurolite to the formation. Negative, but low, correlation valid only for ZTR and garnet and positive correlations for ZTR and staurolite and kyanite in the Menilite Fm. suggest delivery of these minerals from sedimentary rocks or/and palimpsest sediments. The data
obtained on mineral relationships and their morphology suggest mixed first-cycle and recycled provenance of the heavy minerals studied. Additionally, the first-cycle material input seems to be larger during the Ropianka Fm. sedimentation, while during the deposition of Menilite Fm. the contribution of material delivered from erosion of recycled sediments appears more
prominent. The heavy mineral evidence suggests a change at the northern margin of the Skole Basin from an immature passive margin with a high relief during sedimentation of the Campanian–Maastrichtian part of the Ropianka Fm. to a mature
passive margin with a low relief during sedimentation of the Menilite Fm.""

Combined geological and metallurgical research work has indicated the existence of appreciable concentrations of placer gold in the sediments of the flysch of the Ionian Zone in Western Greece as well as the possibility to recover it by an environmentally acceptable method. In these sediments gold exists as free metal in the form of flakes and nuggets in sizes of the range 5-1000 μm. Laboratory test work has proved that the recovery of gold by modern gravitational methods, which are environmentally friendly, is satisfactory and comparable with the recovery obtained by the method of cyanidation. ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ Συνδυασμένες γεωλογικές και μεταλλουργικές έρευνες απέδειξαν την ύπαρξη ικανοποιητικών συγκεντρώσεων προσχωματικού χρυσού και την δυνατότητα ανάκτησης του από τα ιζήματα του φλύσχη της Ιονίου Ζώνης, στη Δυτική Ελλάδα. Στα ιζήματα αυτά ο χρυσός βρίσκεται ελεύθερος με μορφή φυλλαρίων και μικροσυσσωμάτων, σε μεγέθη που ποικίλουν μεταξύ 5-1000 μm. Εργαστηριακές δοκιμές έδειξαν ότι με την χρήση φιλικών προς το περιβάλλον σύγχρονων βαρυτομετρικών μεθόδων, τα ποσοστά ανάκτησης του χρυσού είναι ικανοποιητικά και συγκρίσιμα με αυτά που προκύπτουν από την χρήση μεθόδων κυάνωσης.

The paper presents a comprehensive study on the causes and effects of landslides occurring in the gmina Milówka (gmina is the administrative district in Poland, similar to a commune or municipality) from 1947 until today. The analysis includes the identification of probable causes of landslides and a discussion of possible remedial methods, including preventive ones. The following were considered: results of laboratory, geophysical and seismic tests; meteorological data; vegetative and transpirational properties of plants and agricultural crops; intensity of farming; forest clearance. Attention was also paid to the tree-ring eccentricity among spruces. Additionally, a numerical analysis of the current landslide stability was carried out in the Z_Soil program. Finally, it was found that determining the exact value of the stability coefficient is not possible due to the numerous assumptions necessary for the numerical analysis. However, it is possible to predict with high probability ...

A 750 m long outcrop of Middle Eocene-Miocene flysch is exposed in an asymmetrical syn-cline in Crnjak Cove, south of Bar, Montenegro. Texture, physical sedimentary structures, petrography, and trace fossil studied in these sediments allowed the recognition of turbidite facies that display various members of the Bouma sequence (Ta,b,c,d,e). These are interpreted in order to reconstruct the deposi-tional setting of these gravitational deposits. Predominantly clastic lihologies in this 300 m thick se-quence are arranged in seven distinct turbidite facies, which represent three superimposed submarine fans. The oldest fan consists of: 1) basal marl (T 1 : 0-30 m), which indicate basin to marginal-fan depo-sits; 2) thin to medium bedded graywackes intercalated with thin mudstones (T 2 : 30-140 m), which represent mid fan; and 3) thinly bedded graywackes intercalated with mudstones (T 3 : 140-160 m), which indicate outer fan deposits. The second fan is comprised of: 1) thin to medium bedd...