Water Pipes

L’uso di tubi fittili era piuttosto diffuso nella Pisa medievale e post-medievale come dimostrano i numerosi reperti di questo genere rinvenuti negli scavi urbani che hanno posto l’attenzione su una probabile produzione cittadina o suburbana.
La forma di questi oggetti, prodotti già a partire dal XIII secolo, rimane invariata almeno fino alla fine del XIX/inizi del XX secolo.
Si pensa ad una produzione pisana, almeno in un primo momento, a causa della similitudine, sia nel corpo ceramico sia nella finitura delle superfici, con le ceramiche prive di rivestimento depurate di manifattura locale.
Queste forme potevano essere inserite a scasso, esternamente, nelle murature delle abitazioni.
Il ruolo di queste tubature era legato allo scolo delle acque chiare e scure.
Alcune differenze nella forma dei tubi fittili intervengono in avanzata età moderna, allorquando questi manufatti, prodotti ormai nel contado, vedono l’ispessimento delle pareti e l’invetriatura delle superfici interne, oltre una certa grossolanità dell’impasto.

O hábito tabágico quando em grande escala pode provocar doenças consideradas graves ou letais para saúde humana. O ingresso na universidade pode influenciar no convívio social e gerar situações que permitam maior vulnerabilidade para o início ao consumo de drogas como cigarro e narguilé. Assim, este estudo objetivou conhecer a percepção dos universitários em relação ao uso tabágico (cigarro e narguilé) e sugerir ações para diminuir o consumo destas drogas. Os dados foram obtidos pela aplicação de questionário a 167 estudantes da UNEMAT de Alta Floresta–MT dos cursos de Agronomia, Ciências Biológicas e Engenharia Florestal. A maioria dos estudantes foram mulheres, com 17 a 26 anos, solteiros e renda familiar de 1 a 2 salários mínimos. A maioria nunca experimentou estas drogas, e quando utilizaram o narguilé foi prevalente. Referente ao cigarro, apoiaram por ser relaxante, prazeroso. Outros, não apoiaram por viciar, provocar malefícios à saúde, por não interessar pela prática e por ser uma droga lícita. Concernente ao narguilé, os discentes apoiaram por promover prazer, bem estar, descontração, pela cultura ser interessante, por gostarem de fumar. Os entrevistados que não apoiaram o consumo afirmaram ser prejudicial, ter nojo, por ser porta de entrada a outras drogas, por viciar e por ser modismo. Dentre as ações sugeridas para diminuir o consumo destas drogas, destaca-se a realização de palestras, educação familiar e atuação dos profissionais de saúde.

The fact that private fountains surpass public fountains greatly in number is one of the conclusions of this paper, which also concerns the delivered quantity of water.  The private fountains, and the revelation of their non-domestic display function, have produced knowledge that is incompatible with the modern urbanistic approach of how water supply to an ancient city should be viewed and understood.

Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC) sensors possess proven functionality in measuring ferromagnetic material thickness. However, most commercial PEC service providers as well as researchers have investigated and claim functionality of sensors on homogeneous structural steels (steel grade Q235 for example). In this paper, we present design steps for a PEC sensing setup to measure thickness of cast iron, which is unlike steel, is a highly inhomogeneous and nonlinear ferromagnetic material. The setup includes a PEC sensor, sensor excitation and reception circuits, and a unique signal processing method. The signal processing method yields a signal feature which behaves as a function of thickness. The signal feature has a desirable characteristic of being lowly influenced by lift-off. Experimental results show that the setup is usable for Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) applications such as cast iron water pipe assessment.

Due to the random nature of the corrosion process, stochastic approaches are more appropriate to mathematically represent the corrosion depths on metallic objects. Based on data from 202 pipes, a model was developed to compute the probability of finding maximal corrosion depth in a given interval of values for 150-mm cast iron water distribution pipes. Only the age of pipes was taken into account as an explanatory variable to compute this probability, since the soil characteristics were not available in the close surroundings of the inspected pipes. The model combines two functions: (1) a Weibull distribution function to represent the distribution of pipe ages at the time when the maximal corrosion depth reaches 100% of the pipe wall thickness; and (2) a generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution function, with the location parameter varying as a function of pipe age, to represent the distribution of maximal corrosion pit depths on pipes that did not reach a maximal corrosion pit equal to 100% of their wall thickness. The developed model offers a good representation of the distribution of observed maximal corrosion depths for Quebec City's 150-mm cast iron water pipes.

This paper presents an alternative assesment for designing raw water pipelines, for Sincelejo city, Colombia. Magdalena, Sinú and San Jorge rivers were taken as supply sources. Outline of each alternative was carried out using geographic information systems and a digital elevation model. Height profiles were obtained. It was determined that the shortest alternative is the Lorica-Sincelejo route (catchment in the Sinu river), followed by the La Jegua-Sincelejo route (catchment in the San Jorge river) and finally, Magangué-Sincelejo (catchment in the Magdalena river). Nonetheless, for topographic and source quality reasons, the best alternative is the one that takes the Magdalena River as a water supply.

This paper presents an alternative assesment for designing raw water pipelines, for Sincelejo city, Colombia. Magdalena, Sinú and San Jorge rivers were taken as supply sources. Outline of each alternative was carried out using geographic information systems and a digital elevation model. Height profiles were obtained. It was determined that the shortest alternative is the Lorica-Sincelejo route (catchment in the Sinu river), followed by the La Jegua-Sincelejo route (catchment in the San Jorge river) and finally, Magangué-Sincelejo (catchment in the Magdalena river). Nonetheless, for topographic and source quality reasons, the best alternative is the one that takes the Magdalena River as a water supply.

The increasing risk of mosquito-borne diseases in African urban environments has been partly attributed to failed planning and resource underdevelopment. Though engineered systems may reduce mosquito proliferation, there are few studies describing this relationship. This study investigates how engineered systems such as roads and piped water systems affect the odds of anopheline immatures (ie, larvae and pupae) occurring in water bodies located in Malindi, Kenya. Anopheles gambiae ss (Giles), An. arabiensis ( ...

La technique d’inspection non destructive par champ lointain (RF pour Remote Field) permet l’auscultation in situ des conduites métalliques d’aqueduc. Cet outil fournit l’emplacement et l’étendue des défauts de corrosion sur les conduites auscultées. La compagnie d’inspection Aqua Diag effectue ce type d’inspection sur les conduites des villes du Québec depuis 2003. La capacité de cet outil à détecter les défauts de corrosion est évaluée dans le présent document en faisant une comparaison de ses résultats avec ceux obtenus sur la base de l’analyse d’images fournies par numérisation des tuyaux à l’aide d’un tomodensitomètre (CT Scan). La localisation et les caractéristiques des défauts identifiés par l’outil RF et par les images de tomodensitométrie ont été comparées pour six (6) tuyaux en fonte. Une méthode originale est proposée pour l’analyse des images du tomodensitomètre, à partir de laquelle les pertes d’épaisseur de paroi ont été estimées. Le principe utilisé découle du fait que le coefficient d’atténuation des rayons X dans un matériau homogène est une fonction linéaire de sa densité. Les résultats ont montré que l’outil RF est en mesure de localiser la plupart des défauts identifiés à partir de l’analyse des images tomodensitométriques. Ces résultats révèlent que la sonde testée et utilisée par la compagnie d’inspection Aqua Diag fournit des informations fiables sur les principaux défauts de corrosion, et donc sur l’intégrité structurelle générale des tuyaux inspectés.

Lead isotope analysis has been applied to the investigation of some Roman objects found in the town of Pompeii, consisting mostly of fistulae from the Augustan water supply system. The results of the analyses have produced ratios between 18.10 and 18.66 for 206Pb/204Pb, between 15.63 and 15.72 for 207Pb/204Pb and between 38.21 and 38.98 for 208Pb/204Pb. These data point to a fairly complex origin for the lead artefacts, probably involving several successive meltings and recyclings of a rather heterogeneous lead supply. The spread of lead isotope ratios can only be reconciled with a multiplicity of end-members, at least three, but very probably more. There is one certain Sardinian ore, other indistinguishable Hercynian ores of Sardinia and/or Spain, and several different Alpine Mesozoic-Tertiary mineralizations of the Mediterranean basin (Spain, Greece, Tuscany).