Water Politics and Management Of..

ABSTRACT

After completion of the water pipeline project to Cyprus in 2017,  bulk water transfer projects to the Middle East has drown some more attention than before.Although implementation of the Red-Dead Sea Project hasn’t progressed well,  the Project has been considered as an alternative  for  bulk water transfer in the region
About 32 years ago in 1986 ,late Turkish President Turgut Özal had proposed a “Peace Water Pipeline Project” for the Midddle East water problems. The Project has drawn considerable attention and caused both negative and positive reactions.Political Feasibility and financing of the project had been argued more than it’s technical feasibility.
Preliminary studies on the project were initiated in 1986 .The ultimate aim of the Project was much beyond of the supplying  some water to the countries. The Project proposal mainly  aimed to create a process of confidence building and a cooperation environment on water that will help to contrubute to the stability and security of the region
During past  32 years after the Peace Water Pipeline Project proposed  ,  water demand has increased ,while the water management has been worse under the political and climatological effects in the region.
As many areas in the Middle East, Jordan is struggling with scarcity of rainfall, diminishing of water resources and increase in population . It is not ceratin yet if  the current water management  strategies and the suggested Red Sea- Dead Sea project will be enough to solve this problem.Therefore among the other new water resources alternatives , Turkey’s  Peace Pipeline Project proposal can be worthwile to be considered  again with different lenght and  route . 
The Original Project would divert  the water from Seyhan and Ceyhan Rivers ,both national rivers of Turkey ,to the Arab Countries in the Middle East. Daily water transfer capacity of the Project was 6 MCM  that is only a small part of mean  total daily flows of the rivers after Turkey’s use .

The water would deliver through the peace pipeline is not intented to replace,but rather supplement current water supplies in the countries served.The Project had an estimated cost of US $ 20 billion about three decades ago.
In this article ,focusing on Jordan water problems, what risks and challenges associated in the region  any alternative water transfer option  and regional innovative hydro diplomacy  is investigated.


Keywords: Peace Pipeline Project,Middle East,

This textbook presents a big picture of water management in France as it was set in 2003. Some reforms have occured since then but this gives an idea of the organization and the main stakes.It has been written to present the French situation to non-French grad-students in water sciences. The double language (French-English) presentation helps to catch specifities that are rarely translated in other books.
Ce cours a été publié en 2003. Il dépeint la situation institutionnelle et économique des acteurs de l'eau en France, leurs enjeux, leurs moyens, leurs compétences. L'organisation administrative et les montants financiers ont évolué depuis, mais cette image de 2003 reste intéressante pour la comparer à la situation actuelle et comprendre d'où viennent les institutions que l'on observe aujourd'hui.

This article investigates the making of Hong Kong’s water supply system since 1959. It starts by assessing the perspectives provided by the regime approach and the political
ecology literatures. The case of Hong Kong brings in ideas from border studies and draws attention to the changing nature of the border to explain socio-ecological and scaling interactions. The case study maps the border relationship between China and Hong Kong (and Britain), and the political tussle between them over the control of water supply to the city in the late colonial period 1959–78, which resulted in the creation of a localized self-sufficient water supply system in Hong Kong, and the consolidation of Hong Kong’s scale as a colonial city-state under British rule. It further explicates the change in the nature of the political border since 1979, and the processes by which Hong Kong abandoned attempts to strengthen its local supply, becoming dependent on supply from the regional Dongjiang water networks, as well as the transformation of its scale to become a subordinate of the larger political unit in subsequent years.

"The purpose of this article is to construct a theory of water politics by
using the case study of the transnational role and involvement of interest
groups in the debate surrounding the proposed Epupa Dam. Interest
groups are defined as non-state entities ^ supported by a specific constituency and converging on an exact issue ^ which influence government
policies and other non-state and inter-governmental institutions, in the
national and international political domains. Nowhere is this influence
more obvious than in the water politics of water resource management
projects (WRMPs), such as hydropower installations. Since the Namibian
government announced plans to construct another hydroelectric power
plant on the Kunene River in the early 1990s, opposition from interest
groups had a significant impact on the political debate regarding the pro-
posed Epupa Dam. To be sure, interest groups did not only focus their
lobbying campaign on the national political domain, but they also went
transnational in their endeavours to have the project halted.By describing
and analysing the role and involvement of interest groupsinthewater pol-
itics of Epupa, a new theory ^ hydro-normative commensalism ^ and a
definition of water politics are developed.The theory and definition place
emphasis on the role of norms in water politics and the way in which
norms are used by interest groups and states to advance their arguments
in the debate over the proposed Epupa Dam.
"

SUMMARY When one loook at last situation of the Syrian map, it can be seen that the Islamic State is squeezed out of its strongholds in Mosul and Raqqa and witnesses a steady decline in the influx of foreign fighters. As of 2017 July IS has lost 60% of territory, 80% of revenue This brings any other important question: what is next for ISIS? Will it continue to retain control of several urban centers in the region—or will it disband and devote its complete attention to external operations and attacking Europe and the West? Balanche clearly pointied out very curucial issue in his article (2) while it has been out of mind during this chaotic civil war situation.After six year civil war,regardless of who controls the Euphrates Valley agricultural zone next, they will need to address the legacy of failed regime irrigation policies that are once again creating tension among local tribes

Interest groups are omnipresent phenomena of most political societies. They are present because of their attempts to influence public policy and their representation role. These roles are fundamental agential roles. Through these roles interest groups can bring about changes in the water policy arena. This paper will look at some of these changes using the Lesotho Highlands Water Project Phase 1 as a case study. Through their actions to bring about change, interest groups are drivers of water politics. Interest groups can enhance water policies when they highlight the inherent deficiencies of policies and suggest alternatives for the betterment of policies concerning the welfare of individuals or groups as well as the environment. Water resource managers and decision-makers should therefore be aware of these actors and the roles they are likely to play when influencing aspects of water infrastructure projects. Interest groups can influence water policies even if they are only involved on an informal basis. In other words, governments do not have to go out of their way, so to speak, to involve interest groups; interest groups will come to the party, on their own volition. Said differently, interest groups usually become involved in water policy matters on a voluntary basis whether water policy makers like it or not.

ABSTRACT
UN Secretary-General  Ban ki-Mun pointed out  extremely important and extraordinary  points  in his remark  at Opening of the 7th World Water Forum  held in Daegu, Gyeongbuk, The Republic of Korea in 12 April 2015. He said that; “Instead of seeing scarce water as a reason for competition or conflict, we have to treat it as a challenge to collaborate, a challenge to engage in innovative hydro- diplomacy.  In today‟s world, we must be more aware of the risks of water conflict.” It is important to note the emphasis on “collaboration  and innovative hydro-diplomacy” in his remarks. While speaking on the occasion of World Water Day 2013, the Secretary General had also  said, “Water scarcity threatens economic and social gains … And it is a potent fuel for wars and conflict.”

Secretary General Ban Ki-moon‟s warnings were reflected in the offcial definition of water security provided by the United Nations University- IWEH, which says. “The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of and acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-economic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne pollution and water-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and political stability.” It is important to note the emphasis on “in a climate of peace and political stability” in this definition. The concerns of the United Nations are justified as the world faces an era of depleting water resources.

The World Water Development Report of UNESCO, released in March 2015 warns us of serious depletion of water supplies by 2050, while at the same time, significant increase in demand due to population growth, economic development and urbanisation, among other factors. Different effects of climate change are today contributing to even more water scarcity and greater security risks. It shows us that we need an effective and mutually beneficial solution of water resources-related problems.

At the global scale, the effective and mutually beneficial solution of water  resources-related problems underlie peace, security and stability. But this can become a reality only if we change our conceptual approaches to domestic and  transboundary water management. 

Keywords: Transboundary Water; New Water Paradigm; Water Conceptional Change; New Hydro Diplomacy; Traditional Water Cooperation; New Hydropolitcs; Shared vision; Shared goal