Water Polo

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship isokinetic strength that the elite water polo players produced with lower and upper limbs (with leg movements) and only upper limbs (without leg movements) and the velocity of the shoot. Eighteen elite male players of Turkish professional water polo first league aged between fifteen and thirty-three took part in the study voluntarily. The physical characteristics of the players were taken and throwing velocities of overhead, back hand and sweep throw were measured from position 2, 3, 4 and 6. Isokinetic strength measurements were made within different joint moves (trunk, shoulder, knee, hip). In two separate shooting protocols (with and without leg movements) the shooting velocity were measured in different positions. A significant difference was found between with and without leg movement in different throwing velocity shoots were recorded in different shooting positions (p<0.01). It was seen that the average of the velocity of with leg movements shoot was higher than the without leg movements shoot. In terms of shooting positions, 2 nd position when the relationship between the velocity of with leg movement shoot and isokinetic muscle strength was considered, trunk flexion, shoulder extension, left hip abduction, left knee flexion as relevant p<0.05, a relationship with right knee extension was found (p<0.01). 3 rd position, a positive relationship (p<0.05) was recorded between trunk flexion, shoulder flexion, left hip abduction, right knee extension and left knee flexion. In 4 th position, between the with leg movement shoot and trunk flexion, shoulder flexion, right hip extension, left hip extension, right hip flexion, left hip flexion, right knee extension, left knee extension, left knee flexion and left hip abduction. A positive relationship (p<0.01) between with leg movement (back) shoots thrown from 6 th and trunk flexion, shoulder extension, shoulder flexion, left hip extension, right hip flexion, left hip abduction, right knee extension and left knee extension. Also a positive relationship (p<0.05) between the with leg movement backhand shoots thrown in 6 th position, and right hip extension and left hip flexion. A positive relationship (p<0.05) was seen between the shoots thrown from part 6 th position with leg movement sweep shoots and trunk flexion and left hip extension. When the relationship between the velocity of without leg movement shoot and isokinetic strength is overviewed according to the positions, in 2 nd position there is a relationship between without leg movement shoot and trunk flexion and shoulder extension, with the shoulder flexion a positive relationship was seen (p<0.01). In 3 rd position, there is a positive relationship (p<0.01), was recorded in the trunk flexion, a positive relationship (p<0.05) was seen in shoulder extension and shoulder flexion. In 4 th position, a positive relationship (p<0.01) was found with the trunk flexion. A positive relationship (p<0.01) was found with the without leg movement backhand shoots that were thrown from the 6 th position and trunk flexion, shoulder extension, shoulder flexion. A positive relationship (p<0.05) was recorded with the without leg movement sweep shoots and trunk flexion and shoulder extension. In conclusion, the isokinetic strength produced by the lower and upper limbs' relation with the velocity of with leg movement shoots thrown from different parts was found. The isokinetic strength produced by the upper limbs' relation with the velocity of without leg movement shoots thrown from different parts was found. The isokinetic strength's (produced by the upper limbs) contribution to the velocity of the shoot in without leg movement shoot is higher than with leg movement shoots. The results of the study upper limbs strengths' (trunk flexion, shoulder flexion, shoulder extension) are more effective in the velocity of the shoot.

Theory and practice of sport psychology suggest that emotional and behavioral states of anxiety and aggression both affect athletic performance. The aim of the present study was the investigation of possible differentiation among water-polo male and female players according to their anxiety, anger and aggression levels.  The sample consisted of 225 players (120 men, 105 women), between the ages of 17-39 years old. They completed the Greek versions of the: (a) CSAI-2, and (b) CAAS instruments. Results revealed differences among almost all questionnaire variables, between sport (athletic) experience’ groups.  Finally, male athletes of the 2nd national division identified greater levels of anger and aggression in comparison to all other division groups.  Overall, results shine some light on facets that play an important role and can affect the athletic performance of water-polo players.

Water polo is a team sport that has been suffering rule changes aiming for a more attractive game. Our goal was to unveil whether different offensive playing styles or methods were adopted by elite national teams from Eastern Europe and from other world countries after the new rules framework was applied at the 2019 FINA World Championship. Additionally, we questioned whether those rules induced a more dynamic game. A total of 648 offensive sequences from games contested by the top-six ranked national squads were analysed. Descriptive statistics, parametric and nonparametric tests were computed, and the effect size was used. The eastern Europeans were the tallest (t (76) = −4.081; p &lt; 0.001, d = 0.42) and the Hungarians were higher than Italians (p = 0.005, dz = −0.41). Offensive time length differed between teams (H (5) = 30.50, p &lt; 0.001) with Serbia being the fastest (Mdn = 22 s). In successful attacks without extra time, Italy was quicker than Spain (17.5 vs. 25.0 s; p = 0...

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to investigate if anxiety, anger and aggression differentiate a sample of elite water-polo players, in Greece. The sample consisted of 200 (100 men, 100 women) water-polo players, between the ages of 17-38 years of age. They completed the Greek versions of the CSAI-2 (Stavrou, Zervas, Kakkos, &amp;amp; Psichountaki, 1998), and of the CAAS (Bebetsos, Christoforidis, &amp;amp; Mantis, 2008), instruments. Analyses revealed differences between both sexes and age groups. Younger athletes had higher anxiety, and lower confidence scores, and also women indicated lower anger and aggressive scores. Overall, results shine some light on aspects that effect athletic performance of elite water-polo players in Greece.

The purpose of this study is to examine the reproducibility of three different agility tests in basketball, soccer and water
polo team sports.
To determine the reliability 44 young male athletes (Basketball age 16.5 ±0.6, height 177.9 ±7.7 weight 70.0 ±7.1; Soccer age 16.3
±0.5, height 169.2 ±5.0, weight 71.2 ±7.9; Water Polo age 17.1 ±0.7, height 181.3 ±6.7, weight 76.7 ±7.2) performed 3 different
agility tests (Zig-Zag, Illinois and AS) on two occasions 1 wk. apart for test-retest. Sprint time scores were analyzed for each
test. To determine the reliability Paired Sample T-test and Pearson Correlation Statistics were computed. Scores of teams were
compared with ANOVA statistics to determine the difference.
Test results showed that there was no significant difference between the two occasions for all agility test on subjects and teams
(p > 0.01). There was higher correlation between test-retest values of subjects (r = 0.90–0.97). Three different agility tests were
found valid in determining agility with significant moderate level correlation. (r = 0.36–0.44; p < 0.01). Differences among sport
branches were found significant for agility scores (p < 0.05).
All three agility tests are reliable and valid for team sport athletes. Soccer players had better scores than other branches in
soccer specific test (AS). This study showed that sport specific agility tests are more useful than general agility tests.
Key words agility, team sports, soccer, water polo, basketball

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rule changes on game-related statistics in men&#39;s water polo matches. A total of 856 men&#39;s matches played in all Olympic Games and World Championship since 1936 was analysed. The game-related statistics considered were: total goals, winners&#39; goals, losers&#39; goals, goals per minute, goals difference, relationship difference goals and total goals, and relationship difference goals and winners&#39; goals. The rule changes were grouped by structural (game and period) and functional changes (possession time, exclusion time, timing, minimum distance to take a direct shot). Differences between rule changes were determined using a one-way ANOVA. In general, the changes in water polo rules were shown to have an effect on the final result of the matches. There were differences in each rule change of duration (increased total goals and winners&#39; goals), period (increased total goals and winners&#39; goals), possession tim...

The two largest Jewish communities of interwar Bombay - the Baghdadis and the Bene Israel - led segregated lives and operated their own synagogues, cemeteries and communal institutions. This chapter looks at their sporting clubs and athletic activities from the 1920s to the 1940s to discern whether their mutual animosity was perhaps overcome on the playing fields. The two communities supported their own sports clubs and their respective teams never competed against each other. The arrival of Zionist sports offered a national ideology and practice that was opposed to sectarianism, but a careful analysis of the Bombay Jewish press attests to just a few encounters between sportsmen of the two communities.