Wave Energy

Today, the world is heavily dependent on fossil fuels, as most of the energy requirements are being met through conventional methods of burning these fuels. The energy demand is increasing day with growing population. Consequently, fossil fuel reserves are depleting continuously and will soon run out in coming years. Therefore, renewable energy resources have gained enormous attention in recent years. The growing interest in exploring tidal current technologies has many compelling reasons such as its renewable nature, tidal energy is cleaner than fossil fuels, intermittent but predictable, security and diversity of supply, and limited social and environmental impacts. Tidal current technologies are still in development phase, yet need some time to mature to prove their full potential. Tidal current turbine is an important tidal current technology. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of tidal current turbine, its potential and associated challenges. The pap...

The evaluation and implementation of two public domain wave spectral models: SWAN and WAM to be used in hindcasting and forecasting in the Central American region are presented. The typical model characteristics are analyzed using simulations for simple bathymetric cases. The model responses are evaluated using boundary conditions in the Caribbean region including extreme meteorological conditions like hurricanes. Those natural phenomena's are of great importance given the historical frequency impacts in the region. The SWAN model shows some difficulties to propagate wave energy in big areas generating some wave height and direction anomalies mainly around islands or in low interpolated depth values. The numerical schemes and the different model's variable parameterizations are responsible for the different spatial energy propagation found in some applications in this study. An integrated system could be working for the whole region where the wave information is necessary ...

Description/Abstract The PG&E WaveConnect project was intended to demonstrate the technical and economic viability of wave power in the open ocean adjacent to PG&E's service territory. WaveConnect was conceived as a multi-stage development process ...

The wave energy is one of promising resource for generating electricity in this country. A wave energy conversion system was designed and fabricated; the prototype was tested and its performance was analyzed. The invention herein proposed a system operated by wave resource. This configuration allows the wave resource working to generate electricity. Wave power device operated by the movement of floaters with varying speed connected to the mechanical racks. These mechanical racks move gears and pulleys, which giving forces to the pulley’s belts to rotate. This pulley’s belts connected to the electric generator that produces the electricity. The final system was tested in the coastal area near to Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) campus. The measurement results clearly show that the available wave resource could be harness into useful work for electric power generation.

There is a strong scientific consensus that coastal marine ecosystems are threatened by global climate change. These ecosystems are particularly vulnerable as many disturbances act at the terrestrial–marine interface and are predicted to increase, such as increased land run-off after floods or higher wave energies owing to increased storm frequency (Helmuth et al., 2006; IPCC, 2007). An alarming decrease in the density and biomass of canopy-forming kelps has been reported worldwide (Dayton et al., 1999; Steneck et al., 2002; Connell et al., 2008) and recent European monitoring programs indicate substantial losses of Laminaria digitata in France (Morizur, 2001) and of Saccharina latissima (formerly L. saccharina) along the Southwest coast of Norway and Sweden (survey in 1996–2006, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, 2007) and on the German island Helgoland (Pehlke and Bartsch, 2008). For instance, the losses of S. latissima at the Norwegian West and Skagerrak coasts are estimated to be 50% and 90%, respectively. Here, the decline in kelp abundance is most pronounced in sheltered waters, where the kelp forest in large areas has been replaced by a silty turf community dominated by filamentous algae. Anthropogenic influences, such as eutrophication and global climate change, have been postulated as possible causes for the loss of canopy-forming kelps. However, substantial scientific evidence is still lacking.

Chapter 1. A special role of the alive on the Earth. A special role of man on the Earth. Chapter 2. A special role of mind on the Earth and in the Universe. E. Le Roy: Introduction of the concept of the "noosphere". Chapter 3. The conceptions of the founders of the doctrine of the noosphere, V.I. Vernadsky and P.T. de Chardin. Chapter 4. Theoretical Noospherology. "Natural" Trend: Ecological Approach. Chapter 5. (Theoretical Noospherology) "Natural" Trend: Naturally-Informational and Theologically-Teleological Approaches. Chapter 6. (Theoretical Noospherology) "Technocratic" Trend in the contemporary interpretations of the concept of the "noosphere ("Reductionist", Technologically-Informational Approaches and Hypothesis of "Technological Singularity"). Chapter 7. Practical Noospherology. "Ecological" and Hybrid" interpretations of the disciplines of Practical Noospherology. Chapter 8. (Practical Noospherology) Cybernetic interpretations of the disciplines of Practical Noospherology.

Nigeria is currently experiencing energy deficit in terms of electrification. Development of renewable energy sources such as Sea wave energy may help augment this deficit. This paper set to investigate wave energy potential of the coast of Nigeria. Data required for estimating the wave energy potential of the coastal waters of Nigeria were obtained from WAVEWATCH III © wave generation model. The wave climate data were analyzed using basic statistical analysis such as average, mean, and range. Due to the scarcity of reliable measured wave climate data, an effort was made to investigate the relationship the mean monthly wave power may have with mean monthly rainfall. Establishing a good level of correlation will provide an alternative mean of forecasting wave power for the coastal region. The results show that the mean annual wave power magnitude generally decreases from the west coast (at 10.74 kW/m) to the east coast (at 5.64 kW/m) for the reference points considered. The most energetic months occurs during the rainy season while the least energetic months occur during the dry season. There is a strong positive correlation between mean monthly wave power and mean monthly rainfall at 5% significant level. ARTICLE HISTORY

Seasonal change in beach morphology is traditionally ascribed to a variation in the incident wave energy level with calm conditions in summer resulting in wide beaches with pronounced subaerial berms and energetic conditions in winter causing narrow beaches with nearshore bar morphology. The coastline of Perth, Western Australia, is characterised by a large seasonal variation in the incident wave height and local beaches exhibit a distinct seasonal change in morphology. However, these morphological changes are better explained by a seasonal reversal in the littoral drift direction than by variations in the incident wave energy conditions. In summer, when northward sediment transport prevails due to sea breeze activity, beaches located south of coastal structures, headlands or rocky outcrops become wider due to the accumulation of sediment against the obstacle. These beaches will subsequently erode in winter during storms when the longshore sediment transport is toward the south. In contrast, beaches located north of obstacles will become narrower during summer and wider during winter. The usefulness of the dimensionless fall velocity (where Hb is the breaker height, ws is the sediment fall velocity and T is the wave period) as a predictor of presence/absence of bar morphology and beach type was investigated. It was found that Ω fluctuates around the threshold of bar formation (Ω≈1.5–2) over a variety of time scales (daily, weekly, and seasonally). These temporal variations in Ω in conjunction with the relatively low wave energy level that characterises the coast negates the development of beach and nearshore morphology that is in equilibrium with the hydrodynamic conditions. As a result, bar occurrence and beach type can not be readily predicted using Ω along the Perth coast.

Prior to export, processed crude oil is stored in Floating Roof Tanks (FRT) to further allow any trapped gas within the crude oil to escape, as this stabilises the crude oil. In the oil and gas industry, FRT's are vital in the processing of crude oil to the acceptable export specification. In the tropics and other lightning prone regions, lightning induced floating roof tank fire constitutes a major threat to crude oil production. Among others, a single lightning incident could result in the loss of life, product and production time, avoidable incident review time, damaged equipment, wasted repair cost, bad publicity and loss of income. This paper therefore, is aimed at providing an effective solution to the menace of lightning induced tank fire by focusing on the starting process of the lightning induced fire and proposing alternative concepts for breaking the fire triangle before fire ensues.

The ocean one of the most perpetual sources of energy andhas already been exploited on a small scale. Sometechnologies are being developed to exploit the largepotential of this energy source. This paper will focus onocean energy as an alternative source in Malaysia. Thecurrent development of various devices to extract theocean energy will be reviewed. Although technologies arecurrently being developed in the areas of tidal power, wavepower, thermal energy gradient, current energy, winds andsalinity gradient, not all of these are suitable for Malaysiansea areas. This paper surveys the available Malaysianoceanographic data and identifies the potential sources of energy.

This study aims to: (1) to find out the results of the products developed and (2) to find out the perceptions of students regarding the Sound Wave module in Solid, Liquid and Gas Substances developed. This research is research and development (R & D) which refers to the model proposed by Thiagarajan. The feasibility of the media is validated by material experts and media experts. Subjects The trial of this study was 25 students of the University of Jambi Physics Education in 2016. The research data is in the form of module validation values by material and media experts, as well as the results of student perceptions of the module. Based on the results of data analysis, it was concluded that the assessment of wave solving and problem-solving optics modules was declared feasible with very good categories, namely with the results of material expert validation of 92%, the value of media expert validation was 86.5%. The results of the analysis of student perception data show that the print module seen from the aspect of the module cover design obtained an average percentage of 83%, from the design aspects in the module obtained an average percentage of 82%, from the presentation aspects of the module material obtained an average percentage amounting to 84.5%, from the aspect of Probem Solving obtained a percentage of 81%, and from the language aspect in the module obtained an average percentage of 84.25%. Based on these results it can be concluded that the Problem Solving-based print module on Sound Wave material in Solid, Liquid, and Gas Waves and Optics courses developed is suitable to be used as one of the learning media that can be used in the implementation of Wave and Optical subject learning. Abstrak-Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) untuk mengetahui hasil dari produk yang dikembangkan dan (2) untuk mengetahui persepsi mahasiswa mengenai modul Gelombang Bunyi pada Zat Padat, Cair dan Gas yang dikembangkan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dan pengembangan (R&D) yang mengacu pada model yang dikemukakan oleh Thiagarajan. Kelayakan media divalidasi oleh ahli materi dan ahli media. Subjek Uji coba penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa Pendidikan Fisika Universitas Jambi angkatan 2016 sebanyak 25 orang. Data hasil penelitian berupa nilai validasi modul oleh ahli materi dan media, serta hasil persepsi mahasiswa mengenai modul. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data disimpulkan bahwa Penilaian modul Gelombang dan Optik berbasis problem solving dinyatakan layak dengan kategori sangat baik yaitu dengan nilai hasil validasi ahli materi sebesar 92%, nilai hasil validasi ahli media sebesar 86,5%. Hasil analisis terhadap data persepsi mahasiswa ini menunjukkan bahwa modul cetak dilihat dari aspek desain cover modul diperoleh persentase rata-rata sebesar 83%, dari aspek desain dalam modul diperoleh persentase rata-rata sebesar 82%, dari aspek penyajian materi modul

Η παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία εκπονήθηκε στο πλαίσιο ολοκλήρωσης του Μεταπτυχιακού Προγράμματος Σπουδών  “Διεθνής Οικονομική και Χρηματοδοτική” του Οικονομικού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών. Αντικείμενο της παρούσας  μελέτης αποτελεί η αξιολόγηση με τη μέθοδο Ανάλυσης Κόστους Οφέλους της εγκατάστασης και λειτουργίας μονάδας παραγωγής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας, η οποία λειτουργεί με την εκμετάλλευση της κυματικής ενέργειας. Αρχικά, γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στις Ανανεώσιμες Πηγές Ενέργειας, στη θαλάσσια και κυματική ενέργεια. Στη συνέχεια, παρουσιάζονται οι στόχοι της επένδυσης και το Εθνικό και Ευρωπαϊκό ρυθμιστικό πλαίσιο στο οποίο πραγματοποιείται. Σε συνέχεια, πραγματοποιείται η αναγνώριση της επένδυσης, παρουσιάζεται η τεχνολογία η οποία χρησιμοποιείται και τα περαιτέρω τεχνικά χαρακτηριστικά της επένδυσης. Ακολουθεί η ανάλυση της σκοπιμότητας και παρουσιάζονται οι εναλλακτικές δυνατότητες της επένδυσης. Σε επόμενο κεφάλαιο πραγματοποιείται η χρηματοοικονομική ανάλυση και εφαρμόζονται τα στάδια, τα οποία προτείνονται από τον Ευρωπαϊκό Οδηγό CBA για την εξαγωγή των χρηματοοικονομικών δεικτών απόδοσης. Ως επόμενο βήμα, διεξάγεται η οικονομική ανάλυση της  επένδυσης, όπου εξετάζεται η συνεισφορά της επένδυσης στην ευημερία του κοινωνικού συνόλου. Σε συνέχεια, διεξάγεται η ανάλυση ευαισθησίας, όπου εξετάζεται εάν οι μεταβολές κρίσιμων παραμέτρων θα διαφοροποιήσουν την απόφαση για ανάληψη της επένδυσης. Τέλος, παρουσιάζονται τα συμπεράσματα και οι  παρατηρήσεις για την επένδυση.

Λέξεις Κλειδιά: Ανάλυση Κόστους Οφέλους, Επενδυτικό Σχέδιο, Ανανεώσιμες Πηγές Ενέργειας, ΑΠΕ, Μονάδα Παραγωγής Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας, Θαλάσσια Ενέργεια, Κυματική Ενέργεια.

This study aims to: (1) to find out the results of the products developed and (2) to find out the perceptions of students regarding the Sound Wave module in Solid, Liquid and Gas Substances developed. This research is research and development (R D) which refers to the model proposed by Thiagarajan. The feasibility of the media is validated by material experts and media experts. Subjects The trial of this study was 25 students of the University of Jambi Physics Education in 2016. The research data is in the form of module validation values by material and media experts, as well as the results of student perceptions of the module. Based on the results of data analysis, it was concluded that the assessment of wave solving and problem-solving optics modules was declared feasible with very good categories, namely with the results of material expert validation of 92%, the value of media expert validation was 86.5%. The results of the analysis of student perception data show that the print...

This paper presents the details of a prefeasibility study carried out about the ocean
wave power generation for the southern coastal area of Sri Lanka. It includes a
brief review on wave energy devices appropriate for wave climate around the country
and the electrical feasibility of integration of wave energy power plants to the
national grid based on some of the selected sites along the southern coast. Social
and environmental impacts of wave energy power plants are also discussed. Further,
depth studies are suggested to be done prior to the implementation

Renewable energy is natural energy which does not have a limited supply. Renewable energy can be used again and again, and will never run out. Now-a-days, the energy which is used in the universe divided into two parts. One is the non-renewable or conventional other is renewable or non-conventional energy, classification of energy is shown below by a checker board. Tidal Power is the generation of electrical power through the harnessing of the ebb and flow of the tides or Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into electricity or other useful forms of power. Only a few such plants exist. The largest is the Range Tidal Power Station, on the Rance River, in France, which has been operating since 1966, and generates 240MW. Smaller plants include one on the Bay of Fundy, and another across a tiny inlet in Kislaya Guba, Russia).

Waves are everywhere. On water of course, but also in the air as you hear a plane, and under your feet during an earthquake certainly. Vibrations, too, are everywhere In your bike as you go over a bump, in you guitar as you play, and of course in your smartphone. You can guess that there is something in common behind all this. This is exactly the purpose of this course. More than 5000 people already enrolled, do not hesitate to have a look: http://goo.gl/SU25sF

Temperate zone macroalgal communities in general and littoral communities in particular consist of a diverse producer assemblage, a rich mesograzer fauna occasionally complemented with larger herbivores, and predators. Diversity in the producer assemblage is generated by small-scale heterogeneity in substrate characteristics, seasonal variation in growing conditions, and the depth gradient. Abiotic disturbances, mainly in the form of wave energy, counteract competitive exclusion, thereby enhancing species richness (Sousa 2001). The diverse producer assemblage comprises a habitat and food resource for a species-rich fauna (reviewed in Underwood 2000; Menge and Branch 2001). In such a diverse community, interactions within and between trophic levels become important for the regulation of the structure and function of both the producer and consumer assemblages (Duffy 2002; Worm and Duffy 2003).

Workshop  on ocean energy technologies structured around nine different emerging technology families. First generation tidal, already at the pre-commercial stage, is also included in the overview. Technology families were created based on the input received from the experts prior the workshop.
First generation tidal energy converters;
Rotor innovation for tidal energy turbines;
Floating tidal concepts;
Third generation  tidal energy converters;
Novel approaches tp first generation wave energy concepts
Novel wave energy concepts;
Innovative tidal and wave energy  power take off;
Control systems;
Moorings and station keeping systems;
Materials and components.

Oscillating Water Column (OWC) is one of the wave energy conversion systems to harvest the energy from ocean wave which is one of the renewable energies. The OWC process is by allowing the wave action to enter air chamber above a movable body of water. Thus, the wave will force the air to move through an air turbine and turn to drives the electrical generator. This report is about the development and designing the model of OWC and run the simulation using Computer Fluid Dynamic (CFD) software. In this report, the process start with the selection of site study and the chosen location is Terengganu. The aim of this research is to study the renewable energy from the waves resources which is focused on the Oscillating Water Column (OWC). The main objectives are to create the new design of OWC inlet/ mouth, correspondent to South China Sea. Second is to create the new design of OWC chamber, correspondent to South China Sea. Third is to access the performance of purpose OWC. Concave-Shape was the most efficient model that has been proved using CFD software. It is due to the relevant to implement it to Malaysia wave height.

The impacts of herbivores on macroalgae have been relatively well studied in the last decades (e.g., Carpenter 1986; Choat 1991; Hixon and Brostoff 1996; Harborne et al. 2006; Vinueza et al. 2006), probably because of their profound effects in both temperate and tropical communities and their importance as major conduits of energy between autotrophs and the rest of the food web. Nonetheless, very little is understood about how macroalgal chemical defenses – against herbivores or against competitors, epibionts, pathogens, etc. – function and what their exact role is in structuring marine communities. Tropical marine communities are well known to possess a plethora of macroalgal species (see Lüning 1990; Kerswell 2006), as well as an equally high diversity of herbivores (Floeter et al. 2005), which exert an intense, constant, and unparalleled pressure on the former, presumably selecting, over evolutionary timescales, for the presence of diverse and effective chemical defenses. In this scenario of bottom-up control, a number of counteradaptations are supposed to have occurred in herbivores, including feeding specialization and sequestration of defenses, which represent potential steps toward a top-down control of macroalgal communities. However, experimental evidence to support these assumptions remains largely elusive. This chapter attempts to review, although not exhaustively, our current knowledge of different aspects of chemical defenses from tropical macroalgae and their potential effects on tropical marine benthic community structure. The focus will be on known examples that support or rebut theoretical assumptions about tropical communities in an effort to point the reader toward new trends or research priorities that emerge from our current knowledge about marine tropical systems. This chapter primarily considers aspects of chemical defenses in tropical macroalgae belonging to the divisions Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta, but also includes macroscopic and conspicuous tropical Cyanobacteria that can be important in structuring tropical marine benthic communities.