Zigbee Technology

This project addresses a cost effective, flexible solution of underground mine workers’ safety. A module of MEMS based sensors are used for underground environment monitoring and automating progression of measurement data through digital wireless communication technique is proposed with high accuracy, smooth control and reliability. A microcontroller is used to collecting data and making decision, based on which the mine worker is informed through alarm as well as voice system. ZigBee, based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard is used for this short distance transmission between the hardware fitted with the mine worker and the ground control Centre.
Industrial safety is one of the main aspects of industry specially mining industry. In the mining industry safety is a very vital factor. To avoid any types of unwanted phenomena all mining industry follows some basic precaution and phenomena. Communication is the main key factor for any industry today to monitor different parameters and take necessary actions accordingly to avoid any types of hazards. To avoid loss of material and damaging of human health, protection system as well as faithful communication system is necessary inside the underground mines. To increase both safety and productivity in mines, a reliable communication must be established between workers, moving in the mine, and a fixed base station.
Inside mines, the wired communication system is not so effective. Due to uncomfortable situation inside mines the installation cost as well as maintenance cost is high for wired communication networks. It is very difficult to reinstall the wired communication system inside mines after a landslide or damage due to any reason. To monitor other parameters during this condition it is very much necessary to maintain the communication system as usual. Accordingly, development of mine monitoring system to accurately detect temperature, pressure, flammable and poisonous gas and to track underground miners has significant meaning to safety production and rescue of coal mine disaster.

This paper borehole robot for the rescue of a child is to rescue a child from borehole, children often
fall down in the bore well which have been left uncovered and get trapped. The rescue of this trapped child is not
only difficult but also risky. A small delay in the rescue can cost the child his or her life. To lift the child out the
narrow confines of the bore wells is also not very easy. The child who has suffered the trauma of the fall and is
confined to a small area where, with a passage of time the supply of oxygen is also reduces. This Robot for bore
well rescue offers a solution to these kinds of situations. It is fast, Economical and safe. Moreover, it has the
facility to monitor the trapped child and provide a supporting platform to lift up the child. Borehole robot consists
of 3 wheels with rubber grip for which motors are connected and these wheels have spring suspension also. So
that, the wheels will exact fit to the walls of the hole which make the robot to move inside down without any
sliding and Robot consists an arm which is used to pick up the baby from the borehole.

The aim of the project is to design a wireless helmet for coal miners using ZigBee wireless mine supervising machines. Nowadays coal miners are facial various problems. Workers safety in underground coal mines has always remained a challenging task. Several fatal and non-fatal accidents take place worldwide resulting in causalities and injuries of coal miners. Study aims to develop a wearable safety device comprising of gas sensor, temperature sensor, oxygen sensor, opguard, ultrasonic sensor, ultraviolet sensor. The values of different sensors are continuously transmitted by wireless transmitter to the remote monitoring unit which is placed outside the mine and received by the receiver module (PC).

— Disasters like earthquakes, tsunami, bomb explosion and floods often cause loss of precious human lives. During such emergency situations, and especially in urban disasters, in order to prevent loss of life and property, various essential services like policemen, fire fighters and medical assistance etc. are deployed. Rescue operations are performed mostly by human and trained dogs, often in very dangerous and risky conditions. Hence, to make the rescue operation more safe and effective, mobile robots have been proposed which detect alive human beings and wirelessly communicate with the rescue team. This work aims to develop an economical robot, which works using AVR MCU, PIR sensor etc. It can be used in areas where rescue is needed. The robot senses the human body temperature using PIR sensor and alarm/indicator indicates the signal when it detects alive body and the message is sent through sms using ZigBee technology to enable rescue operation.

Teknologi tanpa kabel atau wireless telah mengalami berkembang yang pesat dan
penggunaan teknologi ini sendiri tidak lagi asing bagi masyarakat. Teknologi wireless yang banyak digunakan oleh masyarakat seperti bluetooth, mapun wifi, karena kedua perangkat ini sudah banyak diaplikasikan pada smartphone, laptop, dan beberapa gadget lainnya.
Namun ZigBee sendiri bukan lah sebuah komunikasi yang digunakan untuk pengiriman data yang besar atau transfer rate yang tinggi. Bluetooth dan wifi merupakan sebuah standart yang bekerja untuk transfer rate dari tingkatan sedang hingga tinggi, sehingga cocok digunakan untuk pengiriman data yang besar. Sedangkan untuk sebuah device transfer rate rendah dapat kita gunakan standar ZigBee.

We will design a system based on WSNs and IoT technologies to manage real-time power at buildings. This system comprises of: a wireless sensor network (sensing node and base station) and a smart home gateway. A sensing node is utilized wireless sensors to measure voltage and current; to calculate power consumption of connected appliances, transmitted wirelessly to a base station via Zigbee node. A base station is designed to receive all data transmitted from the sensing node and display it through GUI available at the personal computer, with the possibility of controlling ON and OFF appliances according to consumer requirements; All of these readings will be stored at database for analysis. In addition, a smart home gateway will connect the system with internet to allow consumers to continuous monitoring and remote control the appliances via a smartphone application. The benefit of this system, that the appliances control mechanism can be done in different ways (manually, automatically, and remotely). Various household appliances were tested to verify the accuracy of the electrical parameters that measured at system and compare them with practical measurement, found the average error ratio between them (0.3%) was in voltage, (1.5%) in current, and (1.8%) in power.

Presence of water in its clean form is a beneficial for human as well as aquatic ecosystem. The entire biotic organism needs water in its pure form. To maintain its quality, several regulatory bodies have been established to monitor its purity. But, all the efforts seem to be insufficient. India is a country that conferred the status of goddess to it. There are several traditional rituals that depicts that dead bodies should be immersed in the rivers, all these traditional and custom rituals has increased the pollution level in the rivers. Despite forming the separate Ministry by Government of India, the Indian rivers are still suffering a lot. Our system deals with the real-time monitoring and observing the contamination level of river. This system is also effective in alarming the authorities, about the danger of level of contaminants.

Irrigation is an assistive measure to salvage the problem of inadequate water for plantation and vegetation in dry places and during dry seasons. In this paper, the architectural design and performance evaluation of an adaptive sprinkler irrigation robot are presented. Two assemblies (transmitter's and receiver's modules) to be interfaced via a ZigBee communication were designed to enhance prototyping efficiency. The mechanical structure of the robot chassis was designed using SolidWorks and the assemblies with Arduino Uno microcontroller and ZigBee XBee module. Dynamic stress tests and fatigue analysis simulations were carried out on the designed chassis framework under varying loading conditions ranging for minimum to 50 N. The test results are consistent with the designed water carrying capacity of 5 L and can be deduced based on flow rate of the pump, that the water would be exhausted above 100 s. So a complete sprinkling cycle would last for about two minutes and thirty seconds. It was noticed that soil moisture content during day is lower than after irrigation has been carried out. The efficiency of the irrigation robot was also examined by the relationship between volume of water carried and the speed of the sprinkler robot. The presentation concludes with the system performance including the analysis of the water carrying capacity, distance of watering per cycle, and time requirements to water a given area of farmland.

International Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications (IJESA) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Embedded Systems and applications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding Embedded Systems and establishing new collaborations in these areas.

International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.

Wireless Sensor network systems are one of the supreme expansions in communications area. An example of such a network is the ZigBee wireless sensor network, which is equipped with variety of sensors and used widely in environment monitoring, healthcare, home automation, etc. Estimating location of people, assets, and portable devices can increase home automation control efficiency. PDR utilizes the accelerometers measurements to calculate the distance travelled by counting the number of steps and estimating the length of each step. The direction or heading angle is calculated from the gyroscope measurements. In this paper, we proposed an integrated PDR/Zigbee indoor positioning system to provide reliable, continuous and accurate solution. The experimental results show that the proposed Zigbee/PDR integrated solution can accurately determine the position with error distance less than two meters compared to more than five meters in case of standalone PDR.

Embedded controlled detector network is that the technology needs to implement environmental solutions effectively. The wireless sensor network is used to control respective devices and monitor environmental parameters effectively. Wireless sensor network technology is used to monitor environmental parameters such temperature sound pressure in many applications. Many researchers are developed the wireless sensor network to implement real time surveillance for many applications. The existing wired systems are bulky, very high cost and difficult to maintain. The proposed system is user friendly, low cost and controlled by embedded controlled sensor network. In the proposed system ARM based microcontroller is used for monitoring and wireless sensors are used to control the various devices.

—This paper describes the curriculum of the three year IT undergraduate program at La Trobe University, and the faculty requirements in designing a capstone subject, followed by the ACM's recommended IT curriculum covering the five pillars of the IT discipline. Cloud robotics, a broad multidisciplinary research area, requiring expertise in all five pillars with mechatronics, is an ideal candidate to offer capstone experiences to IT students. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a long term master project in developing a cloud robotics testbed, with many capstone sub-projects spanning across the five IT pillars, to meet the objectives of capstone experience. This paper also describes the design and implementation of the testbed, and proposes potential capstone projects for students with different interests.

The Smart Driving Skill Evaluation (SDSE) System presented in this paper expedite the testing of candidates aspiring for a driving license in a more efficient and transparent manner, as compared to the present manual testing procedure existing in most parts of Asia and Pacific region. The manual test procedure is also subjected to multiple limitations like time consuming, costly and heavily controlled by the experience of examiner in conducting the test. This technological solution is developed by customizing 8051 controller based embedded system and LabVIEW based virtual instrument. The controller module senses the motion of the test vehicle on the test track referred to as zero rpm measurement and the LabVIEW based virtual instrument provides a Graphical User Interface for remote end monitoring of the sensors embedded on the test track. The proposed technological solution for the automation of existing manual test process enables the elimination of human intervention and improves the driving test accuracy while going paperless with Driving Skill Evaluation System. As a contribution to the society this technological solution can reduce the number of road accidents because most accidents results from lack of planning, anticipation and control which are highly dependent on driving skill.

ABSTRACT In this paper, we have developed a communication system for military based on hand gestures which will be useful for squad communication. In particular, we present an electronic soldier glove that employs wireless networks based on low-cost ZigBee technology, multi-functional sensors such as accelerometer and flex sensor based input device for collecting and classifying hand gestures. This system delivers data output through computer display. Experimental results have proved the success of the proposed hand gesture recognition system that can adapt to communicate with multimodal signals to enhance visual signal in difficult and stressful environments where visual communication may not be possible.

Fuzzy c-mean is one of the efficient tools used in character recognition. Back propagation neural network is another powerful that may be used in such field. A comparison between fuzzy c-mean and BP neural network classifiers are presented in this research to obtain the performance of both classifiers. The comparison was based on recognition efficiency; this efficiency was evaluated as the ratio of the number of assigned characters with unknown one to the number of character set related to that character. The fuzzy C-mean and BP neural network algorithms were tested on a set of hand written and machine printed dataset named Chars74K dataset using Matlab (2016 b) programming language and the result was that neural network classifier gave 82% recognition efficiency while fuzzy c-mean gave 78%. Neural network classifier is more superior than fuzzy C-mean in recognition due to the limitations of processing time of fuzzy C-mean that requires smaller image size and eventually this will cause less efficiency.. KEYWORDS

Wireless Sensor Networks are considered an important part of the modern ICT solutions for greenhouse monitoring. Several communication technologies are already available and have been used both in pilot and commercial installations. Their attractiveness is based on their deployment flexibility and low cost. However, some special features of the greenhouses and their cultivations (variable microclimate conditions, greenhouse construction materials, size and composition of plants, spatiotemporally variable foliage) raise questions about the proper topology and network density in such an environment. In this paper, the findings of our experimentation regarding the use of ZigBee as the communication technology for a WSN deployed in a greenhouse complex with hydroponic cultivation of tomato crops are presented. Different topologies were investigated and the impact of the plants' foliage in the network nodes connectivity is assessed.

Systems that convert the sunlight into electrical energy like photovoltaics (PV) have been becoming widespread worldwide. The prospect of using the promising technology of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in the field of PV plant supervising and monitoring is studied here. The knowledge of the status and good working condition of each PV module separately as well as of any PV

Systems that convert the sunlight into electrical energy like photovoltaics (PV) have been becoming widespread worldwide. The prospect of using the promising technology of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in the field of PV plant supervising and monitoring is studied here. The knowledge of the status and good working condition of each PV module separately as well as of any PV system component will lead in a more efficient way for power management. The nature of the wireless sensor networks (WSN) offers several advantages on monitoring and controlling applications over other traditional technologies including self-healing, self-organization and flexibility. The versatility, ease of use and reliability of a mesh network topology offered by the ZigBee technology that is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, is used here to offer its maximum advantages on a system that is capable for real time measurements and event alerts.

This paper presents a comparative study of Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) and ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4); two types of IEEE 802.15 "wireless personal-area networks," (WPANs). Various parameters are considered for comparisons like efficiency, power consumption, channel bandwidth, data transfer rate, network flexibility, scalability, channel capacity, range (area covered), cost efficiency, circuit complexity/interfacing with different devices, security, network speed, protocol used, protocol stack size, network topology, types of network. The result of this study will be very helpful in choosing the techniques for different types of application in a very efficient manner.

Rainfall monitoring networks are key elements for the development of alerts and prediction models for communities at risk of flooding during high intensity rainfall events. Currently, most of these networks send the precipitation measurement to a data center in real-time using wireless communication protocols, avoiding travel to the measurement site. An Early Warning System (EWS) for pluvial flash floods developed in Barranquilla (Colombia), used the GPRS protocol to send rain gauge data in real-time to a web server for further processing; however, this protocol has a high consumption of energy and also high maintenance costs. This article carried out an evaluation in terms of link budget, link profile, energy consumption and devices costs of three low-power wireless communication protocols, Zigbee, LoRaWAN and Sigfox, to determine which one is the most suitable for the EWS of the city of Barranquilla. To perform the evaluation, a wireless sensor network was designed and characterized for Zigbee and LoRaWAN with Radio Mobile tool taking into account the measurement points implemented with GPRS network. The evaluation included the power consumption of Zigbee, LoRaWAN and Sigfox. From the results of simulations, LoRaWAN and Zigbee network has similar radio signal received and the LoRaWAN network obtains the least losses per path. As for power consumption, the LoRaWAN devices has the lowest energy consumption, as well as, the LoRaWAN network sensor nodes are cheaper. Finally, the protocol with the best general performance was LoRAWAN, since complies with the communication, consumption and cost requirements.

This paper proposes the architecture of a wireless sensor network for remote monitoring of biomedical signals from multiple patients in hospital setting. The system addresses the strict requirements of high-density and moderate-mobility scenarios such as energy-awareness, self-healing, low data delivery delay and transmission reliability. The network is based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard and emerging ZigBee technology for low power and low rate data transmission. An optimized source routing protocol has been presented to control the network traffic load and energy consumption of the battery-powered nodes and hence increase the average delivery rate and effective network lifetime. The preliminary prototypes acquire and transmit 2-lead ECG through the license-free 2.4 GHz band

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A network consisting of sensors such as temperature, pressure and sound are densely distributed to monitor physical or environmental conditions such a network is known as WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WSN). The sensor data is transmitted to network coordinator which is the heart of the wireless personal area network. In the modern scenario wireless networks contains sensors as well as actuators. ZigBee is newly developed technology that works on IEEE standard 802.15.4. The low data rates, low power consumption and low cost are the main features of ZigBee. WSN is composed of ZigBee coordinator (network coordinator), ZigBee router and ZigBee end device. The sensor node's information in the network is sent to the coordinator, the coordinator collects the sensor's data, stores the data in memory, processes the data, and routes the data to the appropriate node.