acceptable daily intake

Remazol black B merupakan zat warna reaktif yang mengandung gugus kromofor azo yang banyak digunakan sebagai pewarna hitam pada tekstil. Zat warna ini banyak digunakan karena sifatnya yang  mudah  larut  dalam  air  dan  tidak  terdegradasi  pada  kondisi  aerob  biasa. Sebagian besar zat warna sengaja  dibuat  supaya  mempunyai  ketahanan  terhadap pengaruh lingkungan seperti efek pH, suhu dan mikroba. Oleh karena itu, limbah dari zat warna remazol sangat berpotensi mencemari lingkungan apabila tidak dilakukan pengolahan terlebih dahulu. Sementara itu, lingkungan mempunyai kemampuan terbatas dalam mendegradasi limbah zat warna. Akibatnya, air menjadi tercemar (berwarna) dengan kualitas air semakin memburuk dan tidak layak digunakan. Selain itu, air limbah zat warna juga dapat mengakibatkan beberapa penyakit kulit hingga kanker kulit. Menurut Sastrawidana (2010) remazol black B yang digunakan pada proses pewarnaan industri batik hanyalah 5% sedangkan 95% akan menjadi limbah dan dibuang ke lingkungan. Remazol black B saat dibuang ke lingkungan khususnya ke badan air akan berpengaruh terhadap biota. Standar polutan remazol black b yang boleh masuk ke lingkungan didalam KepMen-LH No 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah, tidak dijelaskan secara spesifik jumlah dan konsentrasi remazol black b yang diperbolehkan masuk ke lingkungan. Zat warna reaktif azo menurut kriteria Uni Eopa untuk bahan berbahaya adalah tergolong rendah. Menurut penelitian Abidin (2012) Pada studi produk remazol black B yang bernama Hoechst, melakukan studi inhalasi menengah durasi pada tikus, yang disebut sebagai Hoechst (1984c) dalam profil yang bisa digunakan untuk menurunkan perantara-durasi inhalasi BMR untuk endosulfan.  Resensi  menyatakan  bahwa  konsentrasi  0,002  mg/L  (2  mg  /  m3) endosulfan  berdasarkan  studi  LOAEL  dengan  indikator  kekurusan,  kulit  pucat, squatting position and high-legged position, penurunan bobot badan dan konsumsi pangan,  peningkatan  konsumsi  air,  dan  perubahan  parameter  klinis.  Sedangkan berdasarkan studi NOAEL standarnya adalah 0,001 mg/L (1 mg / m3).

The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of organochlorine pesticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, HCB, dieldrin, o,p′–DDE, p,p′–DDE, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) congeners (28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) in pasteurized and sterilized milk containing 1.5%, 2.5%, and 3% fat from Tehran province (Iran). Considering the importance of milk and dairy products for human nutrition and the toxicity of these compounds, their daily intake (DI) through milk was also determined. The compounds γ-HCH (13.49 ng g − 1 fat), β-HCH (11.7 ng g − 1 fat), and PCB180 (7.56 ng g − 1 fat) were found at highest concentrations. The DI for all compounds was less than the acceptable daily intake established by FAO/WHO except for Σ PCBs which was more than the minimal risk level.

Licorice (or 'liquorice') is a plant of ancient origin and steeped in history. Licorice extracts and its principle component, glycyrrhizin, have extensive use in foods, tobacco and in both traditional and herbal medicine. As a result, there is a high level of use of licorice and glycyrrhizin in the US with an estimated consumption of 0.027-3.6 mg glycyrrhizin/kg/day. Both products have been approved for use in foods by most national and supranational regulatory agencies. Biochemical studies indicate that glycyrrhizinates inhibit 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, the enzyme responsible for inactivating cortisol. As a result, the continuous, high level exposure to glycyrrhizin compounds can produce hypermineralocorticoid-like effects in both animals and humans. These effects are reversible upon withdrawal of licorice or glycyrrhizin. Other in vivo and clinical studies have reported beneficial effects of both licorice and glycyrrhizin consumption including anti-ulcer, anti-v...

Organochlorine pesticides are ubiquitous and persistent organic pollutants used widely throughout the world. Due to the extensive use in agriculture, organic environmental contaminants such as HCH, DDT along with other organochlorine pesticides are distributed globally by transport through air and water. The main aim of present study is to determine contamination levels of organochlorine pesticides in the ground water of Hyderabad City. Water samples were collected from 28 domestic well supplies of the city. For this study, random sampling technique was applied, all the samples were collected in high purity glass bottles and refrigerated at 4 degrees C until analysis. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) is used for the extraction of organochlorine pesticide residues in water sample. The collected water samples were pre-filtered through a 0.45 microg glass fiber filter (Wattman GF/F) to remove particulate matter and were acidified with hydrochloric acid (6N) to pH 2.5. Methanol modifier (BDH, for pesticide residue analysis, 10 mL) was added to water sample for better extraction. SPE using pre-packed reversed phase octadecyl (C-18 bonded silica) contained in cartridges was used for sample preparation. Prior to the extraction, the C-18 bonded phase, which contains 500 mg of bonded phase, was washed with 20 mL methanol. The sample was mixed well and allowed to percolate through the cartridges with flow rate of 10-15 mL/min under vacuum. After sample extraction, suction continued for 15 min to dry the packing material and pesticides trapped in the C-18 bonded phases were eluted by passing 10 mL hexane and fraction was evaporated in a gentle steam of Nitrogen. In all samples pesticide residues were analyzed by GC (Chemito-8510) with Ni63 ECD detector. Helium was used as carrier gas and nitrogen was used as make up gas. The injection technique was split/split less. All the samples analyzed were found to be contaminated with four pesticides i.e. DDT, beta-Endosulfan, alpha-Endosulfan and Lindane. DDT was found to range between 0.15 and 0.19 microg L(-1), beta-Endosulfan ranges between 0.21 and 0.87 microg L(-1), alpha-Endosulfan ranges between 1.34 and 2.14 microg L(-1) and Lindane ranges between 0.68 and 1.38 microg L(-1) respectively. These concentrations of pesticides in the water samples were found to be above their respective Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) values for Humans.

The estrogen-mimicking endocrine disrupter bisphenol A (BPA) which is used in the manufacture of plastic and epoxy resins, is one of the world's most heavily produced synthetic chemicals. BPA is detected in animal tissues, and its bio-accumulation has shown to be higher in the fetus than the mother. Exposure to doses below the daily safe limit has been reported to affect the sexual differentiation of the brain and modify the behavior of the exposed rodent offspring. The aim of the present study was to investigate in the rat the possible organizational effects of low BPA exposure on glucocorticoid-regulated responses. Female breeders were exposed to 40 microg/kg b.w. BPA daily throughout pregnancy and lactation. Plasma corticosterone levels and the two types of hippocampal corticosteroid receptors (GR and MR) were determined in mid-adolescent offspring under basal conditions and following a Y-maze task. BPA treated females had higher corticosterone levels than control females and...

The proposed existence of dose-response thresholds for nongenotoxic carcinogens has led to a major controversy in the risk extrapolation process. To resolve this debate, there has been a significant investment in mechanism-based risk assessment research. The ability to utilize this mechanistic research for risk assessment procedures is still limited and may not warrant the expense. Alternatively, an approach can be used to identify dose-response thresholds through the utilization of sensitive indicators of biological response. This approach does not rely upon a mechanistic framework for the development of pathology, is solely dependent on already existing technology, and takes into account the possibility of background levels of pathway activation. For this approach, sensitive biochemical responses need to be identified and linked to the introduction of the toxicant through dose response, by time of response, and, when possible, through a proposed biochemical mechanism. The weakness...

An analysis of 92 samples of liquid milk from Ludhiana, India, during 1999-2001 revealed the presence of DDT in 6 (7.4%) samples and of these 2 samples were found to exceed the maximum residue limit (MRL) of DDT fixed at 0.05 mg kg(-1) (on a whole milk basis). HCH residues were detected in 49 (53.3%) samples and constituted only gamma-HCH (lindane). The MRL of lindane is fixed at 0.01 mg kg(-1) (whole milk basis), and all 49 liquid milk samples exceeded this value. These results are indicative of contamination of bovine milk with pesticide residues as a result of the ban on the use of DDT and HCH in agriculture and public health programs. Similarly, analysis of 40 samples of butter showed the presence of DDT and HCH in 28 and 8 samples, respectively. However, none of the samples exceeded the MRL value of either DDT or any isomer of HCH. DDT residues comprised mainly p,p-DDE and p,p-TDE, whereas HCH residues were present as lindane in 6 samples, and 2 samples revealed the presence of beta-HCH. The estimated daily intake of lindane through the consumption of contaminated liquid milk exceeded its acceptable daily intake value for children. Interestingly, none of the liquid milk or butter samples revealed the presence of any commonly used organophosphorus or synthetic pyrethroid insecticides at their detection limit of 0.01 mg kg(-1).

India is an agrarian country. The use of pesticides, herbicides and fungicides were introduced in India during the mid-sixties, which are now being used on a large scale and is a common feature of Indian agriculture. The main intention of the introduction of pesticides was to prevent and control insects, pests and diseases in the field crops. Initially the use of pesticides reduced pest attack and paved way for increasing the crop yield as expected. Simultaneously, increased use of chemical pesticides has resulted in contamination of environment and also caused many long-term affect on the society. In the present study an effort has been made to evaluate the residual concentration of selected organophosphorous pesticides (methyl parathion, chlorpyriphos and malathion) in vegetables grown in different seasons (summer, rainy and winter). Data obtained was then used for estimating the potential health risk associated with the exposure to these pesticides. The pesticides residue concentrations in vegetables of different season shows that the winter vegetables are the most contaminated followed by summer and rainy vegetables. The concentration of the various pesticides were well below the established tolerances but continuous consumption of such vegetables even with moderate contamination level can accumulate in the receptor's body and may prove fatal for human population in the long term. The analysis of health risk estimates indicated that chlorpyriphos and malathion did not poses a direct hazard, however, exposure to methyl parathion has been found to pose some risk to human health.

Exposure to excess nitrite is a potential health risk for humans. One hundred meat and processed foods and 100 vegetable samples purchased from New Zealand retail outlets were prepared as for consumption and analysed for nitrite and nitrate concentration using a standard, validated methodology. Nitrate concentrations ranged from less than the limit of detection (LOD = 5 mg kg-1) in cheddar cheese and cream cheese-based dips to 3420 mg kg-1 in lettuce. Nitrite was detected in half the processed foods and meats analysed (levels up to 119 mg kg-1), but detected in only one vegetable sample above the LOD (broccoli at 27 mg kg-1 nitrite). Concentration data were combined with 24 h dietary recall information to generate 4398 individual adult daily exposure scenarios for exogenous nitrite and nitrate including a contribution from water assessed from 1021 drinking water samples. The mean adult daily intake of exogenous nitrate and nitrite from food and water combined was 16 and 13% of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), respectively, and therefore should not pose a health risk for the average consumer. A maximally exposed New Zealand adult is estimated to have an intake of up to seven times the ADI for nitrate. When the endogenous conversion of nitrate to nitrite is taken into account, approximately 10% of people with an average rate of conversion and half of all people with a high rate of conversion are estimated to exceed the ADI. Either the ADI is inappropriate and needs to be re-evaluated, or those individuals who have a high rate of conversion of nitrate to nitrite are at risk to adverse effects of nitrite exposure.

The aim of this study was to monitor exposure to heavy metal contaminants from habitual diets and to estimate the health risk for the consumer by comparing the analyzed content with the acceptable daily intake (ADI). This study is based on the household consumption as assessed by the National Institute of Statistics (INE) and our department. The number of food groups (237) consumed by the population (national and the 17 Autonomy Communities) is considered. A list of the metal content of foods in included. The data were collected from reports issued by the Ministry of Health, other official organizations, and from specialized literature. The results show that the intakes of arsenic (0.019 mg/person/d), mercury (0.004 mg/person/d), and lead (0.082 mg/person/d) do not reach the ADI, but that of cadmium exceeds the ADI in some geographical areas. The intake of zinc and chromium does not exceed the dietetic recommendations.

To evaluate the levels of contamination of the Adriatic Sea, Italy and to assess the intake of organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorobiphenyls by the general Italian population through seafood, a survey involving 12 species of fish, shellfish and crustaceans has been carried out. Samples have been collected from October to December 1997 from local fishermen and were representative of the