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    Autodesk Inventor 2025 Black Book
    Autodesk Inventor 2025 Black Book
    Autodesk Inventor 2025 Black Book
    Ebook1,785 pages8 hours

    Autodesk Inventor 2025 Black Book

    By Gaurav Verma

    ()

    Read preview

    About this ebook

    The Autodesk Inventor 2025 Black Book is the 5th edition of our series on Autodesk Inventor. With lots of features and thorough review, we present a book to help professionals as well as beginners in creating some of the most complex solid models. The book follows a step-by-step methodology. In this book, we have tried to give real-world examples with real challenges in designing. We have tried to reduce the gap between university use of Autodesk Inventor and industrial use of Autodesk Inventor. In this edition of book, we have included topics on iPart, Style Editing, Customization, Deriving parts, Inspection, and Advanced Assembly. The book covers almost all the information required by a learner to master the Autodesk Inventor. The book starts with sketching and ends at advanced topics like Mold Design, Sheetmetal, Weldment, and MBD. Some of the salient features of this book are:

     

    In-Depth explanation of concepts

    Every new topic of this book starts with the explanation of the basic concepts. In this way, the user becomes capable of relating the things with real world.

     

    Topics Covered

    Every chapter starts with a list of topics being covered in that chapter. In this way, the user can easily find the topic of his/her interest easily.

     

    Instruction through illustration

    The instructions to perform any action are provided by maximum number of illustrations so that the user can perform the actions discussed in the book easily and effectively. There are about 2050 small and large illustrations that make the learning process effective.

     

    Tutorial point of view

    At the end of concept's explanation, the tutorial makes the understanding of user firm and long lasting. Almost each chapter of the book has tutorials that are real world projects. Moreover, most of the tools in this book are discussed in the form of tutorials.

     

    Project

    Projects and exercises are provided to students for practicing.

     

    For Faculty

    If you are a faculty member, then you can ask for video tutorials on any of the topic, exercise, tutorial, or concept. As faculty, you can register on our website to get electronic desk copies of our latest books, self-assessment, and solution of practical. Faculty resources are available in the Faculty Member page of our website  once you login. Note that faculty registration approval is manual and it may take two days for approval before you can access the faculty website.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherCADCAMCAE Works
    Release dateMay 7, 2024
    ISBN9798224846351
    Autodesk Inventor 2025 Black Book
    Author

    Gaurav Verma

    Gaurav Verma is currently a Full Professor at the Panjab University, Chandigarh, India (Dr. SS Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and Adjunct Faculty at the Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology). He is a former CV Raman Post-Doctoral fellow from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA. His research focuses on the areas of applied nanoscience and nanostructured materials.

    Read more from Gaurav Verma

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      Book preview

      Autodesk Inventor 2025 Black Book - Gaurav Verma

      Inventor_2025_BW_cover.jpg

      Autodesk Inventor 2025 Black Book

      By

      Gaurav Verma

      Matt Weber

      (CADCAMCAE Works)

      Edited by

      Kristen

      Published by CADCAMCAE WORKS, USA. Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in the database or retrieval system without the prior permission of CADCAMCAE WORKS. To get the permissions, contact at cadcamcaeworks@gmail.com

      NOTICE TO THE READER

      Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described in the text or perform any independent analysis in connection with any of the product information contained in the text. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer.

      The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions.

      The Publisher makes no representation or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for a particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the reader’s use of, or reliance upon, this material.

      DEDICATION

      To teachers, who make it possible to disseminate knowledge

      to enlighten the young and curious minds

      of our future generations

      To students, who are the future of the world

      THANKS

      To my friends and colleagues

      To my family for their love and support

      Training and Consultant Services

      At CADCAMCAE Works, we provide effective and affordable one to one online training on various software packages in Computer Aided Design(CAD), Computer Aided Manufacturing(CAM), Computer Aided Engineering (CAE), Computer programming languages (C/C++, Java, .NET, Android, Javascript, HTML, and so on). The training is delivered through remote access to your system and voice chat via Internet at any time, any place, and at any pace to individuals, groups, students of colleges/universities, and CAD/CAM/CAE training centers. The main features of this program are:

      Training as per your need

      Highly experienced Engineers and Technician conduct the classes on the software applications used in the industries. The methodology adopted to teach the software is totally practical based, so that the learner can adapt to the design and development industries in almost no time. The efforts are to make the training process cost effective and time saving while you have the comfort of your time and place, thereby relieving you from the hassles of traveling to training centers or rearranging your time table.

      Software Packages on which we provide basic and advanced training are:

      CAD/CAM/CAE: CATIA, Creo Parametric, Creo Direct, SolidWorks, Autodesk Inventor, Solid Edge, UG NX, AutoCAD, AutoCAD LT, EdgeCAM, MasterCAM, SolidCAM, DelCAM, BOBCAM, UG NX Manufacturing, UG Mold Wizard, UG Progressive Die, UG Die Design, SolidWorks Mold, Creo Manufacturing, Creo Expert Machinist, NX Nastran, Hypermesh, SolidWorks Simulation, Autodesk Simulation Mechanical, Creo Simulate, Gambit, ANSYS, and many others.

      Computer Programming Languages: C++, VB.NET, HTML, Android, Javascript and so on.

      Game Designing: Unity.

      Civil Engineering: AutoCAD MEP, Revit Structure, Revit Architecture, AutoCAD Map 3D and so on.

      We also provide consultant services for design and development on the above mentioned software packages

      For more information you can mail us at:

      cadcamcaeworks@gmail.com

      Table of Contents

      Training and Consultant Services iv

      Preface xix

      About Authors xxi

      Chapter 0 : Basics of CAD, CAM, and CAE

      Introduction to CAD 0-2

      Parametric Modeling V/S Direct Modeling 0-2

      2D Drawing 0-2

      3D Modeling 0-6

      Role of CAD Engineer in Industry 0-7

      Documents Prepared by CAD Engineers in Automobile Industry 0-7

      Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality 0-10

      Introduction to CAM 0-11

      Role of CAM Engineer 0-12

      Introduction to CAE 0-12

      Static Analysis 0-13

      Modal Analysis (Vibration Analysis) 0-14

      Thermal analysis 0-14

      Thermal Stress Analysis 0-15

      Event Simulation 0-15

      Shape Optimization 0-15

      Role of CAE Engineer 0-15

      Chapter 1 : Starting with Autodesk Inventor

      Downloading and Installing Autodesk Inventor Student Edition 1-2

      Starting Autodesk Inventor 1-3

      Autodesk Inventor Interface 1-5

      Ribbon 1-5

      File menu 1-6

      Creating New File 1-6

      Opening a file 1-10

      Saving File 1-19

      Exporting Files 1-22

      Sharing View 1-32

      Managing Project files and features 1-33

      iProperties 1-39

      Printing Document 1-41

      Self Assessment 1-46

      Chapter 2 : Creating Sketches

      Introduction to Sketching 2-2

      Sketching Plane 2-2

      Relation between sketch, plane, and 3D model 2-2

      Start 2D Sketch 2-3

      Sketch Creation Tools 2-4

      Line tool 2-4

      Control Vertex Spline 2-6

      Interpolation Spline 2-7

      Equation Curve 2-8

      Bridge Curve 2-8

      Circle 2-9

      Tangent Circle 2-10

      Ellipse 2-11

      Three Point Arc 2-12

      Tangent Arc 2-13

      Center Point Arc 2-14

      Two Point Rectangle 2-15

      Three Point Rectangle 2-16

      Two Point Center Rectangle 2-16

      Three Point Center Rectangle 2-17

      Center to Center Slot 2-18

      Overall Slot 2-19

      Center Point Slot 2-20

      Three Point Arc Slot 2-21

      Center Point Arc Slot 2-22

      Polygon 2-24

      Fillet 2-25

      Chamfer 2-26

      Text 2-27

      Geometry Text 2-28

      Point 2-29

      Sketch modification tools 2-30

      Move tool 2-30

      Copy tool 2-32

      Rotate tool 2-33

      Trim tool 2-35

      Extend tool 2-36

      Split tool 2-36

      Scale tool 2-37

      Stretch tool 2-37

      Offset tool 2-38

      Creating patterns of Sketch Entities 2-39

      Rectangular Pattern tool 2-39

      Circular Pattern 2-42

      Mirror tool 2-44

      Self Assessment 2-45

      Chapter 3 : Dimensioning and Constraining

      Introduction to Dimensioning 3-2

      Dimensioning Tools 3-2

      General Dimension Tool 3-2

      Automatic Dimensions and Constraints 3-5

      Show Constraints 3-6

      Constraints 3-6

      Coincident Constraint 3-7

      Collinear Constraint 3-7

      Concentric Constraint 3-7

      Fix Constraint 3-8

      Parallel Constraint 3-8

      Perpendicular Constraint 3-9

      Horizontal Constraint 3-9

      Vertical Constraint 3-10

      Tangent Constraint 3-10

      Smooth (G2) Constraint 3-11

      Symmetric Constraint 3-11

      Equal Constraint 3-12

      Constraint Settings 3-13

      Inserting Objects in Sketch 3-15

      Insert Image Tool 3-16

      Import Points tool 3-17

      Insert AutoCAD File 3-17

      Practical 1 3-18

      Practical 2 3-25

      Practical 3 3-30

      Practical 4 3-40

      Practical 5 3-49

      Practice 1 3-55

      Practice 2 3-55

      Practice 3 3-56

      Practice 4 3-56

      Practice 5 3-57

      Practice 6 3-57

      Self Assessment 3-58

      Chapter 4 : Creating Solid Models

      Introduction 4-2

      Work Plane 4-2

      Offset from Plane 4-3

      Parallel to Plane through Point 4-4

      Midplane between Two Planes 4-4

      Midplane of Torus Tool 4-5

      Angle to Plane around Edge 4-5

      Three Points 4-6

      Two Coplanar Edges 4-7

      Tangent to Surface through Edge 4-8

      Tangent to Surface through Point 4-8

      Tangent to Surface and Parallel to Plane 4-9

      Normal to Axis through Point 4-10

      Normal to Curve at Point 4-10

      Plane 4-11

      Axis 4-11

      On Line or Edge 4-11

      Parallel to Line through Point 4-12

      Through Two Points 4-12

      Intersection of Two Planes 4-13

      Normal to Plane through Point 4-13

      Through Center of Circular or Elliptical Edge 4-14

      Through Revolved Face or Feature 4-14

      Axis 4-15

      Point 4-15

      Grounded Point 4-16

      Extrude Tool 4-17

      Specifying Distance for Extrusion 4-17

      Setting Extent of Extrusion 4-19

      Boolean Operations 4-21

      Adding Taper to Extrusion 4-24

      Surface Mode of Extrusion 4-25

      Brief Note on Drawings 4-26

      Machine Drawing 4-27

      Production Drawing 4-27

      Part Drawing 4-28

      Assembly Drawing 4-28

      Component representation methods 4-29

      Sketching Plane selection 4-30

      Selecting planes according to orthographic views 4-31

      Practical 1 4-32

      Practice 1 4-39

      Revolve Tool 4-40

      Specifying Angle of Revolution 4-41

      Practical 2 4-43

      Practical 3 4-46

      Practice 1 4-54

      Practice 2 4-55

      Practice 3 4-56

      Practice 4 4-57

      Practice 5 4-58

      Self Assessment 4-59

      Chapter 5 : Advanced Solid Modeling Tools

      Introduction 5-2

      Sweep Tool 5-2

      Creating Sweep feature with Follow Path 5-3

      Creating Sweep feature with Fixed 5-5

      Creating Sweep feature with Guide 5-5

      Loft Tool 5-8

      Loft using Rail option 5-11

      Loft with Center Line 5-11

      Loft with Area Loft option 5-12

      Changing Conditions at the starting and end of loft 5-13

      Specifying Transition Point Positions 5-14

      Coil tool 5-15

      Changing the coil size and Behavior 5-17

      Emboss tool 5-17

      Rib Tool 5-19

      Applying Draft to Rib 5-22

      Creating Boss feature on Rib 5-22

      Decal Tool 5-23

      Importing Foreign CAD Files 5-25

      UNWRAP TOOL 5-26

      Modification tools 5-28

      Hole Tool 5-28

      Fillet Tool 5-32

      Face Fillet Tool 5-38

      Full Round Fillet Tool 5-39

      Chamfer Tool 5-39

      Shell Tool 5-43

      Draft Tool 5-44

      Thread Tool 5-48

      Combine Tool 5-50

      Thicken/Offset Tool 5-51

      Split Tool 5-53

      Delete Face Tool 5-55

      Mark 5-56

      Finish 5-57

      Practical 1 5-58

      Practical 2 5-64

      Practical 3 5-72

      Self Assessment 5-82

      Chapter 6 : Advanced Modeling Tools and Practical

      Introduction 6-2

      Direct Edit Tool 6-2

      Moving Faces by Direct Editing 6-2

      Changing Size by Direct Editing 6-4

      Scaling Model by Direct Editing 6-4

      Rotating Faces by Direct Editing 6-5

      Deleting Faces by Direct Editing 6-5

      Bend Part Tool 6-6

      Practical 1 6-7

      Practical 2 6-16

      Practical 3 6-23

      Practical 4 6-26

      Practical 5 6-33

      Practical 6 6-41

      Practice 1 6-56

      Practice 2 6-57

      Practice 3 6-58

      Practice 4 6-59

      Practice 5 6-59

      Practice 6 6-60

      Practice 7 6-61

      Practice 8 6-62

      Practice 9 6-63

      Practice 10 6-64

      Self Assessment 6-66

      Chapter 7 : Assembly Design

      Introduction 7-2

      Starting Assembly Environment 7-2

      Placing Components in Assembly 7-3

      Placing Component from Local Storage 7-3

      Place from Content Center 7-5

      Place Imported CAD files 7-7

      Place iLogic Component 7-8

      Electrical Catalog Browser 7-8

      Replacing Component 7-9

      Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approach for Assembly 7-10

      Creating Component in Assembly 7-10

      Positioning Tools 7-12

      Free Move 7-12

      Free Rotate 7-12

      Grid Snap 7-13

      Constrains 7-14

      Mate Constrain 7-14

      Angle Constraint 7-16

      Tangent Constraint 7-17

      Insert Constraint 7-18

      Symmetry Constraint 7-19

      Motion Constraint 7-20

      Transitional Constraint 7-23

      Constraint Set 7-24

      Joints 7-25

      Rigid Joint 7-25

      Rotational Joint 7-26

      Slider Joint 7-27

      Cylindrical Joint 7-28

      Planar Joint 7-29

      Ball Joint 7-30

      Grounded Constraint 7-31

      Contact Set 7-32

      Bill of Materials 7-33

      Driving Constraint 7-34

      Practical 1 7-36

      Practical 2 7-40

      Practice 1 7-46

      Introduction to Presentation 7-46

      Creating New Storyboard 7-48

      Adding New Snapshot View 7-48

      Tweaking Components 7-48

      Setting Opacity of Components 7-49

      Setting Camera Position 7-50

      Creating Drawing View Using Snapshot 7-50

      Publishing Videos and Images 7-50

      Self Assessment 7-52

      Chapter 8 : Advanced Assembly and Design

      Introduction 8-2

      Sub-Assemblies 8-2

      Use of Sub-Assembly 8-2

      Pattern in Assembly 8-4

      Mirror and Copy 8-5

      Design Accelerator Components 8-7

      Components for Fastening 8-7

      Bolted Connection 8-7

      Clevis Pin 8-11

      Secure Pin 8-14

      Cross Pin 8-14

      Joint Pin 8-15

      Radial Pin 8-16

      Components for Power Transmission 8-16

      Shaft 8-16

      Spur Gear 8-23

      Designing Worm Gear 8-29

      Designing Bevel Gear 8-30

      Designing Bearing 8-32

      Designing V-Belts 8-36

      Designing Synchronous Belts 8-41

      Designing Roller Chains 8-42

      Designing Key 8-44

      Designing Disc Cam 8-47

      Practice 1 8-51

      Practice 2 8-52

      Practice 3 8-53

      Practice 4 8-53

      Practice 5 8-53

      Self Assessment 8-54

      Chapter 9 : Advanced Assembly and Design-II

      Introduction 9-2

      Power Transmission Components 9-2

      Designing Linear Cam 9-2

      Designing Cylindrical Cam 9-4

      Designing Parallel Spline 9-5

      Designing Involute Spline 9-8

      Generating O-Ring 9-9

      Design Handbook 9-10

      Brake Calculators 9-12

      Drum Brake Calculator 9-12

      Disc Brake, Band Brake, and Cone Brake Calculator 9-13

      Bearing Calculator 9-13

      Separated Hub Calculator 9-14

      Tolerance Calculator 9-15

      Limits/Fits Calculator 9-17

      Press Fit Calculator 9-17

      Springs 9-18

      Designing Compression Spring 9-19

      Designing Extension Spring 9-21

      Frame Designing 9-23

      Inserting Frame 9-23

      Inserting End Cap 9-26

      Changing Frame Members 9-27

      Mitering Corners 9-27

      Applying Notch Cut 9-28

      Corner Joint 9-30

      Trim/Extend 9-31

      Lengthen/Shorten Frame Member 9-32

      Beam/Column Calculations 9-32

      Measurement Tools 9-35

      Measure Tool 9-35

      Problem 1 9-36

      Problem 2 9-36

      Problem 3 9-36

      Self Assessment 9-37

      Chapter 10 : Sheetmetal Design

      Introduction 10-2

      Starting Sheetmetal Environment 10-2

      Starting A New File in Sheetmetal Environment 10-2

      Sheet Metal Defaults Setting 10-3

      Sheet Metal Design Terms 10-5

      Bend Allowance 10-6

      K-Factor 10-6

      Spline Factor 10-8

      Creation Tools 10-8

      Using Face Tool 10-8

      Using Flange Tool 10-9

      Using Contour Flange 10-12

      Using Lofted Flange Tool 10-15

      Using Contour Roll Tool 10-16

      Using Hem Tool 10-18

      Using Bend Tool 10-19

      Using Fold Tool 10-21

      Using Derive Tool 10-22

      Modification Tools 10-24

      Using Cut Tool 10-25

      Using Corner Seam Tool 10-26

      Using Punch Tool 10-27

      Using Rip Tool 10-30

      Using Unfold Tool 10-32

      Using Refold Tool 10-33

      Create Flat Pattern 10-34

      Practical 1 10-36

      Practical 2 10-44

      Problem 1 10-54

      Problem 2 10-55

      Self Assessment 10-56

      Chapter 11 : Weldment Assembly

      Introduction 11-2

      Welding Symbols and Representation in Drawing 11-2

      Butt/Groove Weld Symbols 11-2

      Fillet and Edge Weld Symbols 11-3

      Miscellaneous Weld Symbols 11-4

      Starting Weldment Assembly 11-7

      Preparation 11-8

      Welding 11-8

      Using Fillet Weld Tool 11-9

      Using Groove Weld Tool 11-14

      Using Cosmetic Weld Tool 11-17

      Using Welding Symbol Tool 11-17

      Using End Fill 11-18

      Using Bead Report 11-18

      Machining 11-20

      Weld Calculator 11-20

      Fillet Weld Calculator (Plane) 11-21

      Practical 1 11-25

      Self Assessment 11-30

      Chapter 12 : Mold Design

      Introduction to Mold Design 12-2

      Designing Wall Thickness 12-2

      Designing Ribs 12-3

      Designing Bosses 12-5

      Designing Gussets 12-6

      Designing Sharp Corners 12-6

      Designing Draft 12-6

      Designing Holes and Cores 12-8

      Designing Undercuts 12-8

      Plastic Part Preparation Tools 12-9

      Using Grill Tool 12-10

      Using Boss Tool 12-11

      Using Rest Tool 12-14

      Using Snap Fit Tool 12-16

      Using Rule Fillet Tool 12-17

      Using Lip Tool 12-18

      Starting Mold Design Assembly 12-19

      Workflow of Mold Design Assembly in Autodesk Inventor 12-20

      Inserting Plastic Part 12-21

      Adjusting Orientation/Position of Part 12-22

      Adjusting Orientation of Part 12-22

      Adjusting Position of Part 12-23

      Preparing Core and Cavity 12-24

      Part Shrinkage Tool 12-25

      Gate Location Tool 12-25

      Define Workpiece Setting Tool 12-28

      Create Patching Surface Tool 12-29

      Manually Creating Patch Surface 12-30

      Create Runoff Surface Tool 12-31

      Other Tools to Create Runoff Surfaces 12-32

      Create Insert Tool 12-37

      Generate Core and Cavity 12-39

      Place Core Pin 12-41

      Creating Pattern of Core and Cavity 12-42

      Rectangular Pattern 12-42

      Circular Pattern 12-42

      Variable Pattern 12-43

      Creating Gate 12-44

      Types of Gates and Their Practical Applications 12-45

      Creating Runner 12-48

      Creating Runner Sketch 12-48

      Creating Runner Model 12-50

      Runner Design Guidelines 12-51

      Creating Secondary Sprue 12-54

      Adding Mold Base to Assembly 12-54

      Customizing Mold Base Components 12-56

      Cooling Channel 12-58

      Creating Cooling Channel 12-58

      Sketch Method for Cooling Channel Creation 12-60

      Guidelines for Cooling Channel Design 12-62

      Creating Cold Well 12-62

      Adding Sprue Bushing 12-63

      Placing Locating Ring 12-65

      Placing Ejector Pin 12-65

      Adding Slider to Mold Assembly 12-66

      Adding Lifter to Mold Assembly 12-69

      Combining Cores and Cavities 12-70

      Creating Pocket in Workpiece 12-71

      Mold Boolean 12-72

      Removing Material 12-72

      Adding Two Bodies 12-73

      Changing Representation of Mold 12-74

      Creating 2D Drawings of Mold 12-75

      Self Assessment 12-76

      Chapter 13 : Surface Design and Freeform Creation

      Introduction to Surface Design 13-2

      Extruded Surface 13-2

      Surfacing Tools 13-3

      Stitch Surface Tool 13-4

      Boundary Patch Tool 13-4

      Sculpt Tool 13-5

      Ruled Surface Tool 13-7

      Trim Surface Tool 13-7

      Extend Surface Tool 13-8

      Replace Face Tool 13-9

      Freeform Designing 13-10

      Box Tool 13-10

      Face Tool 13-11

      Convert Tool 13-12

      Freeform contextual tab 13-13

      Edit Form Tool 13-13

      Align Form Tool 13-14

      Delete Tool 13-15

      Insert Edge Tool 13-15

      Insert Point Tool 13-16

      Subdivide Tool 13-17

      Merge Edges Tool 13-17

      Unweld Edges Tool 13-18

      Crease Edges Tool 13-18

      Uncrease Edges Tool 13-19

      Weld Vertices Tool 13-19

      Flatten Tool 13-20

      Bridge Tool 13-20

      Thicken Tool 13-21

      Match Edge Tool 13-22

      Symmetry Tool 13-23

      Mirror Tool 13-24

      Practical 13-25

      Measurement Tools 13-29

      Measuring Entities 13-29

      Inspecting Region Properties 13-32

      Analyzing Surface Continuity using Zebra Pattern 13-32

      Performing Draft Analysis 13-34

      Surface Analysis 13-35

      Sections 13-35

      Curvature Comb Analysis 13-39

      Practice 1 13-40

      Practice 2 13-40

      Practice 3 13-41

      Self Assessment 13-42

      Chapter 14 : Drawing Creation

      Introduction 14-2

      Elements of Engineering Drawing 14-2

      Types of Engineering Drawings 14-2

      Standard Sheet Sizes for Engineering Drawings 14-4

      Title Block 14-4

      Type of Lines Used in Engineering Drawings 14-5

      Starting New Drawing File 14-6

      Sheet Management 14-8

      Changing Size of Sheet 14-8

      Changing Title Block 14-9

      Inserting Sheets 14-11

      Activating and Deleting Sheet 14-11

      Views in Engineering Drawing 14-12

      Isometric View or Isometric Projection 14-12

      Orthographic Views or Orthographic Projection 14-12

      Inserting Base View 14-14

      Sheet Metal Drawing Options 14-16

      Changing Standards and Styles 14-17

      Changing Projection Type and Other View Related Parameters 14-18

      Modifying Layers of Drawing Objects 14-19

      Creating Projected Views 14-20

      Creating Auxiliary View 14-21

      Creating Section View 14-22

      Modifying Hatching in Section View 14-25

      Creating Detail View 14-26

      Creating Overlay View 14-27

      Modifying Drawing View 14-28

      Break Tool 14-28

      Creating Break Out View 14-29

      Creating Slice of Drawing View 14-30

      Cropping View 14-31

      Annotation Tools 14-32

      Retrieve Model Annotations Tool 14-33

      Dimension Tool 14-34

      Baseline Dimensioning 14-37

      Ordinate Dimensioning 14-37

      Chain Dimensioning 14-38

      Hole and Thread Tool 14-39

      Chamfer Tool 14-40

      Punch Tool 14-40

      Bend Tool 14-41

      Text Tool 14-41

      Leader Text 14-42

      Inserting Symbols 14-42

      Insert Sketch Symbol 14-42

      Inserting Drawing Symbols 14-45

      Engineering Drawing Symbols 14-46

      Inserting Bill of Materials (BOM) 14-52

      Editing Bill of Materials 14-52

      Creating Balloons 14-53

      Practical 14-55

      Practice 1 14-63

      Practice 2 14-64

      Self Assessment 14-65

      Chapter 15 : Analyses and Simulation

      Introduction to Stress Analysis 15-2

      Basics of FEA 15-2

      Assumptions for using FEA 15-3

      Starting Stress Analysis 15-4

      Creating Study 15-5

      Static Analysis Options 15-6

      Modal Analysis Options 15-7

      Shape Generator 15-7

      Contact Options 15-7

      Assigning Material 15-8

      Applying Constraints 15-8

      Fixed Tool 15-8

      Pin Tool 15-9

      Frictionless Tool 15-10

      Applying Loads 15-11

      Force Tool 15-11

      Pressure Tool 15-12

      Bearing Load Tool 15-12

      Moment Tool 15-13

      Gravity Tool 15-14

      Remote Force Tool 15-14

      Body Loads Tool 15-15

      Applying Contacts 15-16

      Automatic Contacts Tool 15-16

      Manual Contact Tool 15-16

      Preparation of Part 15-18

      Finding Thin Bodies 15-18

      Offset 15-19

      Meshing 15-19

      Mesh View 15-20

      Mesh Settings 15-20

      Local Mesh Control 15-21

      Convergence Settings 15-22

      Running Study 15-22

      Generating Reports 15-23

      Modal Analysis 15-24

      Shape Generator 15-25

      Preserve Region 15-26

      Symmetry Plane 15-26

      Shape Generator Settings 15-27

      Performing Shape Generation 15-28

      Practice 15-28

      Self Assessment 15-29

      Chapter 16 : Model Based Annotations

      Introduction 16-2

      Workflow for Model Based Annotations 16-2

      Applying Dimensions to 3D Model 16-2

      Changing Annotation Plane 16-3

      Editing Dimension 16-4

      Promote Dimension 16-5

      Creating Tolerance Feature 16-6

      Hole/Thread Notes 16-7

      Applying Surface Texture Symbol 16-8

      Applying datum target 16-8

      Creating Leader Text 16-9

      Creating General Note 16-10

      Sectioning Part 16-10

      Practice 16-12

      Self Assessment 16-12

      Chapter 17 : Application Management

      Introduction 17-2

      Managing Materials 17-2

      Editing Materials 17-4

      General Parameters of Materials 17-5

      Creating a New Material 17-11

      Appearance 17-11

      Clearing Appearances 17-12

      Adjusting Appearance 17-13

      Application Options 17-13

      General Tab Options 17-14

      Save Tab Options 17-15

      File Tab Options 17-16

      Colors Tab Options 17-17

      Display Tab Options 17-17

      Hardware Tab Options 17-17

      Drawing Tab Options 17-17

      Sketch Tab Options 17-18

      Document Settings 17-19

      Manage Tab 17-19

      Update Options 17-20

      Parameters 17-20

      Purge 17-21

      Styles Editor 17-21

      Deriving Components 17-22

      Placing Features from Content Center 17-23

      Inserting System Supported Objects 17-25

      Creating New File 17-25

      Using File 17-25

      Importing a CAD File Model 17-26

      Inserting iFeature 17-26

      Inserting Features from iFeature Catalog 17-26

      Attaching Point Cloud 17-26

      Making Part using Selected Objects 17-28

      Making Components 17-29

      Creating iPart 17-30

      Defining iMate 17-32

      Extracting iFeatures 17-32

      Adding Rules to Model 17-34

      Self Assessment 17-36

      Preface

      Autodesk Inventor is a product of Autodesk Inc. Autodesk Inventor 2025 is a parametric, feature-based solid modeling tool that not only unites the three-dimensional (3D) parametric features with two-dimensional (2D) tools, but also addresses every design-through-manufacturing process. The continuous enhancements in the software has made it a complete PLM software. The software is capable of performing analysis with an ease. Its compatibility with CAM software is remarkable. Based mainly on the user feedback, this solid modeling tool is remarkably user-friendly and it allows you to be productive from day one.

      The Autodesk Inventor 2025 Black Book is the 5th edition of our series on Autodesk Inventor. With lots of features and thorough review, we present a book to help professionals as well as beginners in creating some of the most complex solid models. The book follows a step by step methodology. In this book, we have tried to give real-world examples with real challenges in designing. We have tried to reduce the gap between university use of Autodesk Inventor and industrial use of Autodesk Inventor. In this edition of book, we have included topics on iPart, Style Editing, Customization, Deriving parts, Inspection, and Advanced Assembly. The book covers almost all the information required by a learner to master the Autodesk Inventor. The book starts with sketching and ends at advanced topics like Mold Design, Sheetmetal, Weldment, and MBD. Some of the salient features of this book are :

      In-Depth explanation of concepts

      Every new topic of this book starts with the explanation of the basic concepts. In this way, the user becomes capable of relating the things with real world.

      Topics Covered

      Every chapter starts with a list of topics being covered in that chapter. In this way, the user can easy find the topic of his/her interest easily.

      Instruction through illustration

      The instructions to perform any action are provided by maximum number of illustrations so that the user can perform the actions discussed in the book easily and effectively. There are about 2050 small and large illustrations that make the learning process effective.

      Tutorial point of view

      At the end of concept’s explanation, the tutorial make the understanding of users firm and long lasting. Almost each chapter of the book has tutorials that are real world projects. Moreover most of the tools in this book are discussed in the form of tutorials.

      Project

      Projects and exercises are provided to students for practicing.

      For Faculty

      If you are a faculty member, then you can ask for video tutorials on any of the topic, exercise, tutorial, or concept. As faculty, you can register on our website to get electronic desk copies of our latest books, self-assessment, and solution of practical. Faculty resources are available in the Faculty Member page of our website (www.cadcamcaeworks.com) once you login. Note that faculty registration approval is manual and it may take two days for approval before you can access the faculty website.

      Formatting Conventions Used in the Text

      All the key terms like name of button, tool, drop-down, etc. are kept bold.

      Free Resources

      Link to the resources used in this book are provided to the users via email. To get the resources, mail us at cadcamcaeworks@gmail.com with your contact information. With your contact record with us, you will be provided latest updates and informations regarding various technologies. The format to write us mail for resources is as follows:

      Subject of E-mail as Application for resources of ________book.

      Also, given your information like

      Name:

      Course pursuing/Profession:

      E-mail ID:

      Note: We respect your privacy and value it. If you do not want to give your personal informations then you can ask for resources without giving your information.

      About Authors

      The author of this book, Gaurav Verma, has authored and assisted in more than 17 titles in CAD/CAM/CAE which are already available in market. He has authored AutoCAD Electrical Black Books which are available in both English and Russian language. He has also authored books on various modules of Creo Parametric and SolidWorks. He has provided consultant services to many industries in US, Greece, Canada, and UK. He has assisted in preparing many Government aided skill development programs. He has been speaker for Autodesk University, Russia 2014. He has assisted in preparing AutoCAD Electrical course for Autodesk Design Academy. He has worked on Sheetmetal, Forging, Machining, and Casting designs in Design and Development department.

      The author of this book, Matt Weber, has authored many books on CAD/CAM/CAE available already in market. SolidWorks Simulation Black Books are one of the most selling books in SolidWorks Simulation field. The author has hands on experience on almost all the CAD/CAM/CAE packages. If you have any query/doubt in any CAD/CAM/CAE package, then you can contact the author by writing at cadcamcaeworks@gmail.com

      For Any query or suggestion

      If you have any query or suggestion, please let us know by mailing us on cadcamcaeworks@gmail.com. Your valuable constructive suggestions will be incorporated in our books and your name will be addressed in special thanks area of our books on your confirmation.

      Chapter 0

      Basics of CAD, CAM, and CAE

      The major topics covered in this chapter are:

      •Introduction to CAD

      •Introduction to CAM

      •Introduction to CAE

      Introduction to CAD

      In earlier days of Mechanical industry, designer engineers had to draw every mechanical component on paper or cloth using drafter and geometry tools like pencils, markers, scale, erasers, and so on. But the age of manually drawing is gone and now a days, we use CAD (Computer Aided Design) software to create engineering drawings. There is a long list of CAD software available in market like Autodesk Inventor, SolidWorks, Creo Parametric, and so on. Broadly there are two ways in which CAD software perform 3D modeling:

      •Parametric Modeling

      •Direct Modeling

      Parametric Modeling V/S Direct Modeling

      In Parametric Modeling, the model is create based on parameters. All the parameters that you specify while creating the model are recorded and can be changed any point of time while working on the model. Like, if you are creating a box in parametric modeling then its length, width, and height will be recorded with model and can be changed anytime. AutoCAD, Autodesk Inventor, SolidWorks, Creo Parametric are name of some of the software capable of performing Parametric modeling.

      In Direct Modeling, the model is created by direct approach rather than specifying parameters for model. To create a model with direct modeling approach, you place primitive shapes and them drag-drop the key points to change the shape of model. Although Direct Modeling is a nice approach to create models for animators but for Mechanical Engineers, Parametric modeling is an important requirement.

      2D Drawing

      2D Drawings are used to represent 3D objects on paper for manufacturing. 2D drawings are still the requirement of manufacturers for manufacturing any engineering product. There are various symbols and standards established to created 2D drawing for engineers. These drawings can be furthers divided into different categories based on their application areas like mechanical drawing, electrical drawing, electronic drawing, civil drawing and so on. Our concern for this book is mechanical drawings. For representing objects in mechanical 2D drawings, we use two type of projects of objects on paper: First Angle Projection and Third Angle Projects.

      First Angle Projection

      In First Angle Projection, the object is imagined to be in first quadrant; refer to Figure-1. In projection system, the vertical plane is used to generate Front view and horizontal plane is used to generate Top view. Now, assume these planes to be hinged at the center and if you move the horizontal plane clockwise then in First Angle projection, the Top view is placed below Front view while placing orthographic views and Left view is placed on the right of Front view; refer to Figure-2.

      The symbol for projection is always given in Title box of manufacturing drawings; refer to Figure-3. The symbol for Third Angle projection is given in Figure-3. For First Angle projection and Third Angle projection, the symbols are given in Figure-4.

      How to remember Projection Symbols

      Assume that is symbol for front view and is symbol for top view. Always remember if top view symbol comes after front view symbol then it is First Angle projection and if top view symbol comes before front view symbol then it is Third Angle projection.

      Third Angle Projection

      In Third angle projection, object is assumed to be in third quadrant so, the horizontal plane is above the object and vertical plane is behind the object. When we place orthographic views as per Third Angle projection then the Top view is placed above the Front view and Left side view is placed on the left of Front view; refer to Figure-5.

      The projections discussed earlier are used for Orthographic views. Apart from orthographic views, we also use Isometric and Trimetric views to represent 3D objects in 2D drawings. These views are discussed next.

      Axonometric Projections

      There are three types of axonometric projections; Isometric, Dimetric and Trimetric. These projections are discussed next.

      Isometric means equal measures. Isometric drawing is way of presenting designs/drawings in three dimensions. In order for a design to appear three dimensional, a 30 degree angle is applied to sides object. The cube shown in Figure-6 is as per isometric projection.

      In Trimetric projection, the projection of the three angles between the axes are unequal. Thus, three separate scales are needed to generate a trimetric projection of an object. Figure-7 shows an example of different projections.

      In Dimetric projection, two of an objects axes make equal angles with the plane of projection and the third angle is larger or smaller than the other two; refer to Figure-7.

      Drafting Standards

      Drafting Standards are the collection of rules defined for creating 2D drawings. In CAD software 2D drawings, following parameters are controlled by Drafting Standards:

      •Mechanical object behavior.

      •What layers Mechanical Objects are created on.

      •The properties of these layers.

      •Text heights and colors.

      •Projection settings for use with Power View.

      •Dimension styles.

      •Hole chart settings and formats.

      •Centerline format.

      •Section line format.

      •Thread line format.

      •Note text and leader formats.

      •Symbology formats.

      •Bill of Materials (BOM), parts list and balloon formats.

      There are various standards followed by different countries for drafting like, ANSI, BSI, CSN, DIN, GB, ISO JIS, GOST, and so on. ANSI drafting standard was developed by American National Standards Institute. This drafting standard is widely used by American manufacturers. ISO drafting standard was developed by International Organization for Standardization. ANSI and ISO are two most popular standards for drafting engineering drawing. Following are some of the major differences between the two standards:

      •ANSI dimensions are read horizontally. ISO dimensions are parallel to the dimension line.

      •ANSI dimensions are centered on the dimension line. ISO dimension are placed above the dimension line.

      •ANSI tends to use abbreviations. ISO uses symbols. (example: RAD, DIAM, 3 PLACES versus R, Ø, 3X)

      •Dimensions have a different syntax. ANSI: 1.000 DIAM 3 PLACES and ISO: 3X Ø 1.000

      3D Modeling

      Before the first CAD software was developed, manufacturers were using geometry tools like pencil, scale, drafter, and so on to create drawings. Since then the CAD software have developed a lot and so has the requirement of manufacturers. Now, 3D replication of object is created in the computer using various 3D Modeling tools and later the model is used to generate different views with annotations, perform analysis, or generate programs for CNC machines. There is a very long list of CAD software available in market.

      Following are some of the functions that can be performed using latest CAD software:

      •3D Modeling

      •Drafting (2D Drawing Creation and generation

      •Assembly (Top-Down Approach and Bottom-Up Approach)

      •3D Printing

      •Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

      •Computer Aided Engineering (CAE)

      You will learn about various aspects of CAD software later in this book. Now, we will discuss the role of CAD Engineer in mechanical industry.

      Role of CAD Engineer in Industry

      Following are some of the roles and responsibilities of a CAD engineer:

      •Configure, deploy, maintain, and upgrade CAD models as per the client requirement.

      •Design, develop, and engineer high quality models using 3D and 2D CAD tools for manufacturing and analysis.

      •Produce designs that meet targets for feasibility, performance, costs, quality, safety, legislation and timing.

      •Ensure that all work carried out is in compliance with company design, safety, quality, environmental compliance, and procedural standards.

      •Interact with architect and client, as necessary to obtain critical design information necessary to complete project within intended time frame.

      •Update and maintain product design files.

      •Assist in improving daily processes to ensure that the CAD systems meet customer requirements.

      •Train and guide Production Engineers on engineered design.

      •Determine limitations, assumptions and solutions in the design and development of CAD models.

      •Assist in implementation of CAD engineering applications.

      •Determine design specifications and parameters for CAD models.

      Documents Prepared by CAD Engineers in Automobile Industry

      A CAD Engineer is involved in designing of new parts and very soon gets involved in Design Engineer’s work. There are various documents that are prepared by CAD/Design Engineers in mechanical industries for development of new parts and processes. Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) has developed a standard packages of documentation for Automotive industries world-wide called PPAP. Production Part Approval Process (PPAP) is used in automotive industry supply chains to establish confidence between supplier. Various documents that are prepared in PPAP package are given next.

      Design Records

      Design records means printed copy of engineering drawings of components to be manufactured. If the customer is responsible for designing, this is a copy of customer drawing that is sent together with the Purchase Order (PO). If supplier is responsible for designing then these drawings are released in supplier’s release system. Each and every feature must be ballooned or road mapped to correspond with the inspection results (including print notes, standard tolerance notes and specifications, and anything else relevant to the design of the part).

      Authorized Engineering Change (note) Documents

      The Authorized Engineering Change Documents (notes) are used to convey changes in original design. The detailed description of changes is noted in this document. Usually this document is called Engineering Change Notice, but it may be covered by the customer PO or any other engineering authorization.

      Engineering Approval

      This approval is usually the Engineering trial with production parts performed at the customer plant. A temporary deviation usually is required to send parts to customer before PPAP. Customer may require other Engineering Approvals.

      DFMEA

      A copy of the Design Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (DFMEA) is reviewed and signed-off by supplier and customer. If customers are design responsible then customers may not share this document with the supplier. However, the list of all critical or high impact product characteristics should be shared with the supplier, so they can be addressed on the PFMEA and Control Plan.

      Process Flow Diagram

      A copy of the Process Flow, indicating all steps and sequence in the manufacturing process including incoming components.

      PFMEA

      A copy of the Process Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (PFMEA), reviewed and signed-off by supplier and customer. The PFMEA follows the Process Flow steps, and indicates what could go wrong during the manufacturing of each component.

      Control Plan

      A copy of the Control Plan, reviewed and signed-off by supplier and customer. The Control Plan follows the PFMEA steps, and provides more details on how the potential issues are checked in the incoming quality, assembly process or during inspections of finished products.

      Measurement System Analysis Studies (MSA)

      MSA usually contains lists of Gauges and other measuring instruments required to measure critical or high impact characteristics, and a confirmation that gauges used to measure these characteristics are calibrated.

      Dimensional Results

      A list of every dimension noted on the ballooned drawing. This list shows the product characteristic, specification, the measurement results and the assessment showing if this dimension is OK or not OK. Usually a minimum of 6 pieces are reported per product/process combination.

      Records of Material / Performance Tests

      A summary of every test performed on the part. This summary is usually on a form of DVP&R (Design Verification Plan and Report), which lists each individual test, when it was performed, the specification, results and the assessment pass/fail. If there is an Engineering Specification, usually it is noted on the print. The DVP&R shall be reviewed and signed off by both customer and supplier engineering groups. The quality engineer will look for a customer signature on this document. In addition, this section lists all material certifications (steel, plastics, plating, etc.), as specified on the print. The material certification shall show compliance to the specific call on the print.

      Initial Sample Inspection Report

      The report for material samples which is initially inspected before prototype made.

      Initial Process Studies

      Usually this section shows all Statistical Process Control charts affecting the most critical characteristics. The intent is to demonstrate that critical processes have stable variability and that is running near the intended nominal value.

      Qualified Laboratory Documentation

      Copy of all laboratory certifications (e.g. A2LA, TS, NABL) of the laboratories that performed the tests reported in this section.

      Appearance Approval Report

      A copy of the AAI (Appearance Approval Inspection) form signed by the customer. Applicable for components affecting appearance only.

      Sample Production Parts

      A sample from the same lot of initial production run. The PPAP package usually shows a picture of the sample and where it is kept (customer or supplier).

      Master Sample

      A sample signed off by customer and supplier, that usually is used to train operators on subjective inspections such as visual or for noise.

      Checking Aids

      When there are special tools for checking parts, this section shows a picture of the tool and calibration records, including dimensional report of the tool.

      Customer-Specific Requirements

      Each customer may have specific requirements to be included on the PPAP package. It is a good practice to ask the customer for PPAP expectations before even quoting for a job. North America auto makers OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) requirements are listed on the IATF website.

      Part Submission Warrant (PSW)

      This is the form that summarizes the whole PPAP package. This form shows the reason for submission (design change, annual revalidation, etc.) and the level of documents submitted to the customer. There is a section that asks for results meeting all drawing and specification requirements: yes/no refers to the whole package. If there is any deviations the supplier should note on the warrant or inform that PPAP cannot be submitted.

      Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality

      Augmented Reality

      Augmented Reality is a way to project information on different displays. Augmented Reality has vast application area from social media and entertainment industry to surgical procedures in hospitals; refer to Figure-8. The game Pokemon Go is an example of AR.

      Augmented Reality also finds applications in CAD. Although for mechanical engineers it is applicable to civil engineers as well. Civil engineers can project the image of a whole building designed in computer to the customers while there is no building at all. This way they can collect funding for a building project.

      Mechanical Engineers can show their final CAD design of a product to their customer without even starting a manufacturing step; refer to Figure-9. If customer approves the design then they can start manufacturing.

      Virtual Reality

      Virtual Reality is a computer simulated environment to show different types of objects and project real experience through our sensory system. Virtual Reality shuts you from real world and keeps you inside a computer simulated environment. VR is very common with smart phones these days. For CAD engineer, VR can be a life saver sometimes. Using Virtual Reality, you can assemble different components of a large machine virtually and then find any shortcoming based on the experience.

      Introduction to CAM

      The story of CAM starts with CNC machines. CNC represent Computer Numeric Control. CNC machines used numeric codes generated by CAM software to perform various operations. A CAM software takes the input from user and based on specified parameters, it generates CNC programs with G-codes and M-codes. There are various software available for CAM like MasterCAM, BobCAM, EdgeCAM and so on. These software are specialized for CAM. Now a days, most of the CAD software also come with CAM modules like SolidWorks, Creo Parametric, and so on. The NC codes generated by these CAM software depend on the controller hardware installed on your machine. There are various controllers available in the market like Fanuc controller, Siemens controller, Heidenhain controller, and so on. The numeric codes change according to the controller used in the machine. These numeric codes are compiled in the form of a program, which is fed in the machine controller via a storage media. The numeric codes are generally in the form of G-codes and M-codes. For understanding purpose, some of the G-codes and M-codes are discussed next with their functions for a Fanuc controller.

      Code Function

      G00 - Rapid movement of tool.

      G01 - Linear movement while creating cut.

      G02 - Clockwise circular cut.

      G03 - Counter-clockwise circular cut.

      G20 - Starts inch mode.

      G21 - Starts mm mode.

      G96 - Provides constant surface speed.

      G97 - Constant RPM.

      G98 - Feed per minute

      G99 - Feed per revolution

      M00 - Program stop

      M02 - End of program

      M03 - Spindle rotation Clockwise.

      M04 - Spindle rotation Counter Clockwise.

      M05 - Spindle stop

      M08 - Coolant on

      M09 - Coolant off

      M98 - Subprogram call

      M99 - Subprogram exit

      Once you have created an NC program in CAM software, you can simulate the cutting operations in software to check the toolpaths; refer to Figure-10.

      Role of CAM Engineer

      A CAM engineer works closely with CAD engineer and in most of the small industries, CAD engineer and CAM engineer is the same person. Various tasks that a CAM engineer perform in industry are given next.

      •Modifying model as per the customer requirement.

      •Deciding machining strategy and tools required for machining the part.

      •Creating CNC programs depending on NC controller for the machine.

      Introduction to CAE

      CAE means Computer Aided Engineering. Software like Ansys, Cosmol, SolidWorks Simulation, and so on are dedicated to perform different types of analyses. The types of analyses that can be performed using CAE software are given next.

      •Structural Analysis

      •Thermal Analysis

      •Computational Flow Analysis

      •Mold Flow Analysis

      •Electronic Circuit Analysis

      •Topology Optimization and many others.

      Static Analysis

      This is the most common type of analysis we perform. In this analysis, loads are applied to a body due to which the body deforms and the effects of the loads are transmitted throughout the body. To absorb the effect of loads, the body generates internal forces and reactions at the supports to balance the applied external loads. These internal forces and reactions cause stress and strain in the body. Static analysis refers to the calculation of displacements, strains, and stresses under the effect of external loads, based on some assumptions. The assumptions are as follows.

      •All loads are applied slowly and gradually until they reach their full magnitudes. After reaching their full magnitudes, load will remain constant (i.e. load will not vary against time).

      •Linearity assumption: The relationship between loads and resulting responses is linear. For example, if you double the magnitude of loads, the response of the model (displacements, strains and stresses) will also double. You can make linearity assumption if:

      1.All materials in the model comply with Hooke’s Law that is stress is directly proportional to strain.

      2.The induced displacements are small enough to ignore the change is stiffness caused by loading.

      3.Boundary conditions do not vary during the application of loads. Loads must be constant in magnitude, direction, and distribution. They should not change while the model is deforming.

      If the above assumptions are valid for your analysis, then you can perform Linear Static Analysis. For example, a cantilever beam fixed at one end and force applied on other end; refer to Figure-11.

      If the above assumptions are not valid, then you need to perform the Non-Linear Static analysis. For example, force applied on an object attached with a spring; refer to Figure-12.

      Modal Analysis (Vibration Analysis)

      By its very nature, vibration involves repetitive motion. Each occurrence of a complete motion sequence is called a cycle. Frequency is defined as so many cycles in a given time period. Cycles per seconds or Hertz. Individual parts have what engineers call natural frequencies. For example, a violin string at a certain tension will vibrate only at a set number of frequencies, that’s why you can produce specific musical tones. There is a base frequency in which the entire string is going back and forth in a simple bow shape.

      Harmonics and overtones occur because individual sections of the string can vibrate independently within the larger vibration. These various shapes are called modes. The base frequency is said to vibrate in the first mode, and so on up the ladder. Each mode shape will have an associated frequency. Higher mode shapes have higher frequencies. The most disastrous kinds of consequences occur when a power-driven device such as a motor, produces a frequency at which an attached structure naturally vibrates. This event is called resonance. If sufficient power is applied, the attached structure will be destroyed. Note that armies, which normally marched in step, were taken out of step when crossing bridges. Should the beat of the marching feet align with a natural frequency of the bridge, it could fall down. Engineers must design in such a way that resonance does not occur during regular operation of machines. This is a major purpose of Modal Analysis. Ideally, the first mode has a frequency higher than any potential driving frequency. Frequently, resonance cannot be avoided, especially for short periods of time. For example, when a motor comes up to speed it produces a variety of frequencies. So, it may pass through a resonant frequency.

      Thermal analysis

      There are three mechanisms of heat transfer. These mechanisms are Conduction, Convection, and Radiation. Thermal analysis calculates the temperature distribution in a body due to some or all of these mechanisms. In all three mechanisms, heat flows from a higher-temperature medium to a lower temperature one. Heat transfer by conduction and convection requires the presence of an intervening medium while heat transfer by radiation does not.

      There are two modes of heat transfer analysis.

      Steady State Thermal Analysis

      In this type of analysis, we are only interested in the thermal conditions of the body when it reaches thermal equilibrium, but we are not interested in the time it takes to reach this status. The temperature of each point in the model will remain unchanged until a change occurs in the system. At equilibrium, the thermal energy entering the system is equal to the thermal energy leaving it. Generally, the only material property that is needed for steady state analysis is the thermal conductivity.

      Transient Thermal Analysis

      In this type of analysis, we are interested in knowing the thermal status of the model at different instances of time. A thermos designer, for example, knows that the temperature of the fluid inside will eventually be equal to the room temperature(steady state), but designer is interested in finding out the temperature of the fluid as a function of time. In addition to the thermal conductivity, we also need to specify density, specific heat, initial temperature profile, and the period of time for which solutions are desired.

      Thermal Stress Analysis

      The Thermal Stress Analysis is performed to check the stresses induced in part when thermal and structural loads act on the part simultaneously. Thermal Stress Analysis is important in cases where material expands or contracts due to heating or cooling of the part to certain temperature in irregular way. One example where thermal stress analysis finds its importance is two material bonded strip working in a high temperature environment.

      Event Simulation

      The Event Simulation analysis is used to study the effect of object velocity, initial velocity, acceleration, time dependent loads, and constraints in the design. The results of this analysis include displacements, stresses, strains, and other measurements throughout a specified time period. You can perform this analysis when you need to check the effect of throwing a phone from some height or similar cases where motion is

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