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    The Handy Shop Reference: Useful Facts and Figures for Every Woodworker
    The Handy Shop Reference: Useful Facts and Figures for Every Woodworker
    The Handy Shop Reference: Useful Facts and Figures for Every Woodworker
    Ebook482 pages2 hours

    The Handy Shop Reference: Useful Facts and Figures for Every Woodworker

    By Tom Begnal

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    About this ebook

    Find fast answers to woodworking questions! From fasteners to finishing, angles to adhesives, this portable guide is packed with helpful charts, lists and illustrations to move your woodworking projects along. Need to compute an odd joint angle, select appropriate hardware, or pick the right finish for a project? You can consult this book for solutions to those dilemmas and many more. It's the ideal size to stash in a toolbox or bench top, where you will refer to it again and again.

    FEATURES

       • Dozens of charts and lists providing key woodworking facts, figures and formulas at a glance
       • Clear, quick-reference illustrations of angles, joints, mouldings, fasteners and more
       • Demystifies woodworking math, including conversions and geometry
       • Portable, durable format perfect for hands-on use in the shop
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherPenguin Publishing Group
    Release dateSep 24, 2018
    ISBN9781440354847
    The Handy Shop Reference: Useful Facts and Figures for Every Woodworker
    Author

    Tom Begnal

    Tom Begnal is a life-long woodworker whose interest in the craft evolved into a full-time furniture business in northwestern Connecticut. He moved on to become the managing editor of The Woodworker's Journal magazine for more than fifteen years and eventually joined the editoral staff at Shopnotes in Des Moines, Iowa. His final stop was Fine Woodworking magazine where, among other things, he edited the Tools and Materials department. He has also written or edited woodworking and how-to books for several publishers including F+W Publications, McGraw-Hill, Rodale Press and Sterling Publishing. Retired, Tom still woodworks and lives in Connecticut.

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      Book preview

      The Handy Shop Reference - Tom Begnal

      Cover for The Handy Shop Reference: Useful Facts and Figures for Every Woodworker, Author, Tom BegnalBook Title, The Handy Shop Reference: Useful Facts and Figures for Every Woodworker, Author, Tom Begnal, Imprint, Popular Woodworking Books

      An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC

      penguinrandomhouse.com

      Copyright © 2018 by Tom Begnal

      Penguin supports copyright. Copyright fuels creativity, encourages diverse voices, promotes free speech, and creates a vibrant culture. Thank you for buying an authorized edition of this book and for complying with copyright laws by not reproducing, scanning, or distributing any part of it in any form without permission. You are supporting writers and allowing Penguin to continue to publish books for every reader.

      Ebook ISBN 9781440354847

      Edited by Patty Craft

      Designed by Wendy Dunning, adapted for ebook by Cora Wigen

      Illustrated by Hayes Shanesy

      pid_prh_6.1_148340210_c0_r0

      _148340210_

      TABLE OF CONTENTS

      Introduction

      Chapter One

      WOODWORKING MATH

      Basic Geometry for Woodworkers

      Fractions to Decimal Equivalents

      Fractions to Metric Equivalents

      Metric to Decimal Equivalents

      U.S. Weights and Measures

      Metric Weights and Measures

      U.S. Equivalents and Metrics

      Conversion Table

      Miter Angles for Polygons

      Determining Side Lengths for Polygons

      Compound Angles

      Enlarging Grid Patterns Using a Photocopy Machine

      Circle Templates Around the House

      Chapter Two

      FURNITURE DESIGN

      Common Woodworking Joints

      General Rules for Joinery Design

      Standard Furniture Dimensions

      Understanding a Shop Drawing

      Common Woodworking Abbreviations

      Common Woodworking Symbols

      Particleboard Shelf Spans

      Factory-Made Pine Mouldings

      Wood Screw Shank and Pilot Hole Drill Sizes

      Lag Screw Shank and Pilot Hole Drill Sizes

      Threaded Insert (Rosan Nut) Pilot Hole Drill Sizes

      Clear Glass

      Acrylic Sheet

      Plastic Laminate

      Chapter Three

      WOOD

      Commercial, Common and Botanical Names for Domestic Commercial Hardwoods

      Standard, Forest Service and Botanical Names for Domestic Commercial Softwoods

      Common and Botanical Names for Some Imported Hardwoods

      How to Calculate Board Feet

      Board Footage Chart

      Softwood Lumber Grades

      Softwood Lumber Standard Sizes

      Typical Softwood Lumber Grade Stamps

      Examples of Softwood Lumber Grade Stamps

      Pressure-Treated Lumber Retention Levels

      Typical Quality Mark for Pressure-Treated Lumber

      Hardwood Lumber Grades

      Standard Thicknesses for Hardwood Lumber (Rough and Surfaced)

      Recommended Average Moisture Content

      How to Determine Wood Moisture Content

      Equilibrium Moisture Content

      Wood Shrinkage

      Time Required to Air-Dry Lumber To 20% Moisture Content

      Hardness

      Working Properties of Some Hardwoods

      Approximate Relative Heartwood Decay Resistance

      Steam Bending Table

      Chapter Four

      MANUFACTURED WOODS

      Softwood Plywood

      Hardwood Plywood

      Particleboard

      Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF)

      Hardboard

      Chapter Five

      ADHESIVES

      Wood Bonding

      Surface Preparation Guidelines

      Glue Guidelines

      Commonly Used Wood Adhesives

      Properties of Common Names for Domestic Woodworking Adhesives

      Chapter Six

      TOOLS

      Drill Speeds

      Suggested Wood Lathe Speeds

      Band Saw Blade Minimum Cutting Radius

      Band Saw Blade Tooth Styles

      Determining Band Saw Blade Length

      Scroll Saw Blades

      Saber Saw Blades

      Pulley Formulas

      Common Router Bit Profiles

      Common Moulding Head Cutter Profiles

      Table and Radial-Arm Saw Blades

      Table-Saw Coving Cuts

      Chapter Seven

      SHARPENING

      Sharpening Angles

      Types of Bench Sharpening Stones

      Comparison of U.S. and Japanese Grits

      Selecting a Bench Sharpening Stone

      Chapter Eight

      FASTENERS

      Wood Screw Head Options

      Wood Screw Shank Diameters

      Wood Screw Lengths and Commonly Available Screw Numbers

      Drywall (Sheetrock) Screws

      Particleboard and Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) Screws

      Converting Penny Size to Nail Length

      Nail Gauges and Equivalent Diameters

      Nails Per Pound

      Standard Machine Threads

      Machine Bolts

      Machine Screws

      Hanger Bolts

      Dowel Screws

      Lag Screws

      Carriage Bolts (Square Necked)

      Brads

      Plain Washer Dimensions (for Lag Screws and Bolts)

      Common Butt Hinge Sizes

      Knock-Down Hardware

      Chapter Nine

      FINISHING

      Coated Abrasives

      Steel Wool Grades

      Thinning Shellac

      Choosing a Stain

      Choosing a Top Coat

      Top Coat Dry Times

      Making a Tack Cloth

      Chapter Ten

      SAFETY

      General Safety Rules

      Safe Extension Cord Wire Gauges and Lengths

      Noise in the Workshop

      Working with Pressure-Treated Wood

      Hazardous Woodworking Chemicals

      Index

      About the Author

      Acknowledgments

      INTRODUCTION

      As we enjoy an evening in the workshop, it is easy to forget that the craft of woodworking encompasses a surprisingly large body of information. Much of that information is learned only through considerable practice and experience. And, once learned, it is usually applied to the task at hand with little thought or effort. An experienced woodworker knows, almost intuitively, what to do and how to do it.

      But even veteran woodworkers understand that practice, experience and intuition are not always enough. Despite what seems to be second nature, it’s often necessary to find an important bit of information in order to move a project forward. Usually, however, that bit of information is found only after a lengthy search through a pile of woodworking books, magazines, owner’s manuals and shop-worn notes. And, of course, the search too often comes up empty.

      This book is an effort to make that search considerably easier. Here, in a single volume, is an easy-to-understand compilation of the many facts, figures and formulas that are important to every woodworker. From shop geometry to lumber grades to drill press speeds, The Handy Shop Reference provides an extensive storehouse of valuable woodworking data.

      This is a book to be used, not admired. Keep it near your workbench. My sincere hope is that you often find yourself reaching for it, and that it quickly provides you with all the information you need.

      Have fun and work safely.

      Chapter One

      WOODWORKING MATH

      BASIC GEOMETRY FOR WOODWORKERS

      An understanding of basic geometry is useful to woodworkers. Indeed, when you consider that every woodworking project is made from parts that form straight lines, curved lines or a combination of the two, it is clear that geometry is very much a part of the workshop.

      Angles

      The space between two lines that meet is called an angle. An angle is usually measured in degrees.

      Right Angle

      The angle formed by a line perpendicular to another line. A right angle measures 90°.

      Acute Angle

      An angle measuring less than a right angle.

      Obtuse Angle

      An angle larger than a right angle, but less than 180°.

      Polygons

      A polygon is a closed plane figure that has three or more sides and angles. A polygon with all angles equal and all equal-length sides is called a regular polygon. Some of the common polygons are:

      Triangles

      A triangle is a polygon with three sides and three angles. The sum of the three angles is always 180°.

      Right Triangle

      A triangle with one angle at 90°

      Scalene Triangle

      A triangle with all sides unequal

      Equilateral Triangle

      A triangle with all sides of equal length.

      Obtuse Triangle

      A triangle with one angle obtuse (greater than 90°)

      Isosceles Triangle

      A triangle with two sides of equal length

      Quadrilaterals

      A quadrilateral is a polygon that has four sides and four angles. The sum of the four angles is always 360°.

      Rectangle

      A four-sided plane figure with four right angles

      Square

      A four-sided plane figure with four right angles and four equal-length sides

      Rhomboid

      A four-sided plane figure with all sides parallel, adjacent sides unequal, and usually having two acute angles and two obtuse angles

      Rhombus

      A four-sided plane figure with all sides equal-length and parallel, usually having two acute angles and two obtuse angles

      Trapezoid

      A four-sided plane figure with two sides parallel and two sides not parallel

      Trapezium

      A four-sided plane figure having no sides parallel

      Other Polygons

      Regular Pentagon

      A plane figure having five equal-length sides and five equal angles

      Regular Hexagon

      A plane figure having six equal-length sides and six equal angles

      Regular Octagon

      A plane figure having eight equal-length sides and eight equal angles

      Regular Decagon

      A plane figure having 10 equal-length sides and 10 equal angles

      Regular Dodecagon

      A plane figure having 12 equal-length sides and 12 equal angles

      Circles

      A circle is a closed curve, with all points on the curve equally distant from the center.

      Radius

      A straight line extending from the center of the circle to any point on the circle

      Diameter

      A straight line that passes through the center of a circle and extends from one side of the circle to the other

      Chord

      A straight line connecting two points on a circle

      Tangent

      A straight line that touches a circle at only one point

      Segment

      That part of a circle cut off by a straight line

      Area Formulas

      Area is a measure of the amount of surface of an object. Square units of measurement (square inches, square feet, square millimeters, square meters, etc.) are used to describe area.

      Triangle

      Area = ½B × H

      where: B = length of the triangle base; H = height of the triangle

      Example

      B = 12"

      H = 8"

      Area = ½(12) × 8

      = 6 × 8

      = 48 square inches

      Square

      Area = S × S

      where: S = length of the sides

      Example

      S = 6"

      Area = 6 × 6

      = 36 square inches

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