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Sensors and Sensing Technologies for Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Evaluation
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Sensors and Sensing Technologies for Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Evaluation

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Radar Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2024) | Viewed by 5087

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Raffaele Martorana

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
Interests: geophysical survey; archaeological prospection; electrical resistivity tomography; inversion; seismic
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Patrizia Capizzi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
Interests: geophysical survey; archaeological prospection; seismic; site effect; ambient noise; microtremor
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the realm of archaeological and cultural heritage research, the integration of cutting-edge sensors and sensing technologies has emerged as a transformative force, redefining how we explore, document, and preserve our rich past. This Special Issue delves into the multifaceted applications advanced sensing tools can be put to in unraveling the mysteries of ancient civilizations and safeguarding cultural treasures. From ground-penetrating radar to LiDAR and beyond, these technologies offer unprecedented capabilities for non-invasive investigations, revealing hidden layers of history and intricate details of heritage sites. Moreover, the advent of smart sensors, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and data analytics has ushered in a new era of real-time monitoring, ensuring the sustainable conservation of artifacts and structures amidst evolving environmental challenges. As we embark on this exploration, this Special Issue aims to showcase the diverse facets of sensor technologies, their integration into archaeological methodologies, and the ethical considerations guiding their use. By bringing together contributions from experts in the field, this Special Issue seeks to open up new avenues for non-invasive exploration and real-time conservation of archaeological sites and cultural artifacts, illuminating the diverse range of applications as well as the challenges and ethical considerations inherent to integrating sensor technologies, ultimately showcasing their potential to reshape the future of heritage evaluation and preservation.

Dr. Raffaele Martorana
Dr. Patrizia Capizzi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • archaeology
  • cultural heritage
  • non-invasive exploration
  • ground-penetrating radar
  • LiDAR
  • magnetometry
  • drone sensors
  • UAS photogrammetry
  • infrared thermography
  • IoT innovations

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 4833 KiB  
Article
Remote Sensing and Assessment of Compound Groundwater Flooding Using an End-to-End Wireless Environmental Sensor Network and Data Model at a Coastal Cultural Heritage Site in Portsmouth, NH
by Michael R. Routhier, Benjamin R. Curran, Cynthia H. Carlson and Taylor A. Goddard
Sensors 2024, 24(20), 6591; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24206591 - 13 Oct 2024
Viewed by 980
Abstract
The effects of climate change in the forms of rising sea levels and increased frequency of storms and storm surges are being noticed across many coastal communities around the United States. These increases are impacting the timing and frequency of tidal and rainfall [...] Read more.
The effects of climate change in the forms of rising sea levels and increased frequency of storms and storm surges are being noticed across many coastal communities around the United States. These increases are impacting the timing and frequency of tidal and rainfall influenced compound groundwater flooding events. These types of events can be exemplified by the recent and ongoing occurrence of groundwater flooding within building basements at the historic Strawbery Banke Museum (SBM) living history campus in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Fresh water and saline groundwater intrusion within basements of historic structures can be destructive to foundations, mortar, joists, fasteners, and the overlaying wood structure. Although this is the case, there appears to be a dearth of research that examines the use of wireless streaming sensor networks to monitor and assess groundwater inundation within historic buildings in near-real time. Within the current study, we designed and deployed a three-sensor latitudinal network at the SBM. This network includes the deployment and remote monitoring of water level sensors in the basements of two historic structures 120 and 240 m from the river, as well as one sensor within the river itself. Groundwater salinity levels were also monitored within the basements of the two historic buildings. Assessments and model results from the recorded sensor data provided evidence of both terrestrial rainfall and tidal influences on the flooding at SBM. Understanding the sources of compound flooding within historic buildings can allow site managers to mitigate better and adapt to the effects of current and future flooding events. Data and results of this work are available via the project’s interactive webpage and through a public touchscreen kiosk interface developed for and deployed within the SBM Rowland Gallery’s “Water Has a Memory” exhibit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Sensing Technologies for Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Evaluation)
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19 pages, 9337 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Internal Deterioration of the Auriga Statue of Mozia Island, Sicily, through Ultrasonic and Ground-Penetrating Radar Studies
by Patrizia Capizzi, Raffaele Martorana and Alessandra Carollo
Sensors 2024, 24(19), 6450; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196450 - 5 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1419
Abstract
The Greek marble statue of the Auriga of Mozia Island, in Sicily, is the most important artwork displayed at the Whitaker Foundation Archaeological Museum. It underwent geophysical investigations twice, in 2012 and 2021, to assess the marble’s degradation. The 2012 investigation prepared the [...] Read more.
The Greek marble statue of the Auriga of Mozia Island, in Sicily, is the most important artwork displayed at the Whitaker Foundation Archaeological Museum. It underwent geophysical investigations twice, in 2012 and 2021, to assess the marble’s degradation. The 2012 investigation prepared the statue for transfer to the Paul Getty Museum in New York and repositioning on an anti-seismic pedestal. The 2021 investigation evaluated potential new damage before another transfer. Both investigations utilized 3D ultrasonic tomography (UST) to detect degraded marble areas and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to identify internal discontinuities, such as fractures or lesions, and locate metal pins that were previously inserted to reassemble the statue and its pedestal. Results from the UST indicate an average marble velocity of approximately 4700 m/s, suggesting good mechanical strength, with some areas showing lower velocities (~3000 m/s) within the material’s variability range. The GPR profiles demonstrated internal signal homogeneity, excluding internal fracture surfaces or lesions, and confirmed the presence of metallic pins. This study highlights the effectiveness of integrating UST and GPR for non-invasive diagnostics of marble sculptures, providing detailed insights into the marble’s condition and identifying hidden defects or damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Sensing Technologies for Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Evaluation)
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18 pages, 3363 KiB  
Article
Vibration Analysis at Castello Ursino Picture Gallery (Sicily, Italy) for the Implementation of Self-Generating AlN-MEMS Sensors
by Claudia Pirrotta, Anna M. Gueli, Sebastiano Imposa, Giuliano A. Salerno and Carlo Trigona
Sensors 2024, 24(17), 5617; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175617 - 29 Aug 2024
Viewed by 722
Abstract
This work explores the potential of self-powered MEMS devices for application in the preventive conservation of cultural heritage. The main objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of piezoelectric aluminum nitride MEMS (AlN-MEMS) for monitoring vibrations and to investigate its potential for harvesting energy [...] Read more.
This work explores the potential of self-powered MEMS devices for application in the preventive conservation of cultural heritage. The main objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of piezoelectric aluminum nitride MEMS (AlN-MEMS) for monitoring vibrations and to investigate its potential for harvesting energy from vibrations, including those induced by visitors. A preliminary laboratory comparison was conducted between AlN-MEMS and the commercial device Tromino®. The study was then extended to the Picture Gallery of Ursino Castle, where joint measurements with the two devices were carried out. The analysis focused on identifying natural frequencies and vibrational energy levels by key metrics, including spectral peaks and the Power Spectral Density (PSD). The results indicated that the response of the AlN-MEMS aligned well with the data collected by the commercial device, especially observing high vibrational energy around 100 Hz. Such results validate the potential of AlN-MEMS for effective vibration measurement and for converting kinetic energy into electrical power, thereby eliminating the need for external power sources. Additionally, the vibrational analysis highlighted specific locations, such as the measurement point Cu4, as exhibiting the highest vibrational energy levels. These points could be used for placing MEMS sensors to ensure efficient vibration monitoring and energy harvesting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Sensing Technologies for Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Evaluation)
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12 pages, 6227 KiB  
Article
GPR Mapping of Cavities in Complex Scenarios with a Combined Time–Depth Conversion
by Raffaele Persico, Ilaria Catapano, Giuseppe Esposito, Gianfranco Morelli, Gregory De Martino and Luigi Capozzoli
Sensors 2024, 24(10), 3238; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103238 - 20 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 956
Abstract
The paper deals with a combined time–depth conversion strategy able to improve the reconstruction of voids embedded in an opaque medium, such as cavities, caves, empty hypogeal rooms, and similar targets. The combined time–depth conversion accounts for the propagation velocity of the electromagnetic [...] Read more.
The paper deals with a combined time–depth conversion strategy able to improve the reconstruction of voids embedded in an opaque medium, such as cavities, caves, empty hypogeal rooms, and similar targets. The combined time–depth conversion accounts for the propagation velocity of the electromagnetic waves both in free space and in the embedding medium, and it allows better imaging and interpretation of the underground scenario. To assess the strategy’s effectiveness, ground penetrating radar (GPR) data referred to as an experimental test in controlled conditions are accounted for and processed by two different approaches to achieve focused images of the scenario under test. The first approach is based on a classical migration algorithm, while the second one faces the imaging as a linear inverse scattering approach. The results corroborate that the combined time–depth conversion improves the imaging in both cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Sensing Technologies for Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Evaluation)
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