explicit and implicit knowledge
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Explicit and implicit knowledge about users and items have been used to describe complex and heterogeneous side information for recommender systems (RSs). Many existing methods use knowledge graph embedding (KGE) to learn the representation of a user-item knowledge graph (KG) in low-dimensional space. In this article, we propose a lightweight end-to-end joint learning framework for fusing the tasks of KGE and RSs at the model level. Our method proposes a lightweight KG embedding method by using bidirectional bijection relation-type modeling to enable scalability for large graphs while using self-adaptive negative sampling to optimize negative sample generating. Our method further generates the integrated views for users and items based on relation-types to explicitly model users’ preferences and items’ features, respectively. Finally, we add virtual “recommendation” relations between the integrated views of users and items to model the preferences of users on items, seamlessly integrating RS with user-item KG over a unified graph. Experimental results on multiple datasets and benchmarks show that our method can achieve a better accuracy of recommendation compared with existing state-of-the-art methods. Complexity and runtime analysis suggests that our method can gain a lower time and space complexity than most of existing methods and improve scalability.

The article focuses on the phenomenon of myth, which cannot be seen and may not even exist based on empirical evidence, although it can function as a long-lasting wave inceptor, as demonstrated in numerous cases in history. The singular presence of myth has no linear time, and the way to approach the concealed mythic meaning that is beyond tales, oral traditions or ritual practices is based on language and narrative. Narrative is how myth manifests itself in the temporal layers of discourse through collective decision-making processes within cultures and in places. The urban cultural heritage seems to be a promising source of understanding of what sort of narrative history has been telling. We emphasize that the closest possible approach to the permanence of myth lies in this subtle between-epoch or between-generational moment wherein the discourse alters. The hermeneutics of repetition within alteration processes is what could be called the narrative of cultural heritage in towns and cities. Development of the physical heritage properties has been touched by a variety of agents, and therefore it must have gathered a nearly unlimited amount of explicit and implicit knowledge. The research further demonstrates how the myth–narrative–discourse interaction affects our understanding of the authenticity of heritage objects, shifting towards a permanent pervading authenticity which could be intensive or extensive in the tangible realm. The case of Šiluva is discussed in order to explain how myth can be used practically in placemaking.

Background and objectives: While pattern identification (PI) is an essential process for diagnosis and treatment in traditional Asian medicine (TAM), it is difficult to objectify since it relies heavily on implicit knowledge. Here, we propose a machine learning-based analysis tool to objectify and evaluate the clinical decision-making process of PI in terms of explicit and implicit knowledge. Methods: Clinical data for the development of the analysis tool were collected using a questionnaire administered to allergic rhinitis (AR) patients and the diagnosis and prescription results of TAM doctors based on the completed AR questionnaires. Explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge were defined based on the explicit and implicit importance scores of the AR questionnaire, which were obtained through doctors′ explicit scoring and feature evaluations of machine learning models, respectively. The analysis tool consists of eight evaluation indicators used to compare, analyze and visualize the explicit and implicit knowledge of TAM doctors. Results: The analysis results for 8 doctors showed that our tool could successfully identify explicit and implicit knowledge in the PI process. We also conducted a postquestionnaire study with the doctors who participated to evaluate the applicability of our tool. Conclusions: This study proposed a tool to evaluate and compare decision-making processes of TAM doctors in terms of their explicit and implicit knowledge. We identified the differences between doctors′ own explicit and implicit knowledge and the differences among TAM doctors. The proposed tool would be helpful for the clinical standardization of TAM, doctors′ own clinical practice, and intern/resident training.

Abstract- Tectonics in architecture is a construction element associated with the material, goals, and builders of a building. It does not stop there, the result of combining abstract thinking (implicit) and the ability to make (explicit). Craftsmanship also talks about how craftsmen think in creating. The study was conducted to understand the role of designers, craftsmen, in craftsmanship to form tectonics and connections that should be able to bring stories and characters in architecture, especially in this modern era.                 Oky Kusprianto (1977-2019) was the principal architect of Studio Apta. Studio Apta's works pay a lot of attention to architectural materials and tectonics. Through tectonics, his work presents liveliness of space in cafes, adventures in stores, and solitude in urban forests. The object taken was Lembang Citarasa Warung, the reason being that it was one of the projects that was experimental on material and was still just being built (2017-2018). The articulation of the expression of the burden between the connections is strong with the appearance of honest elements. Thus what needs to be known is the craftsmanship method used in Warung Citarasa which is related to thinking and making and its adaptation in the modern world which is already relatively different from what was known about previous craftsmanship.                 This study uses a qualitative descriptive method by describing the tectonics that are formed and how they are formed through the craftsmanship process. Data collected through direct observation, literature study and interviews. Tectonics are divided into three based on the main material, namely stone, iron and wood tectonics. The results then become a reference in the identification of craftsmanship in the process of forming the tectonics. The first is based on knowledge (thinking hand) which is subdivided into explicit and implicit knowledge. Then identified again by the skills (working hand) which is divided into analog and digital tools. After that, an analysis of the aspects of collaboration between the development actors responsible for tectonic formation. Finally, the results of the analysis of the three aspects are combined to analyze the craftsmanship process that occurs in each tectonics.                 Tectonics can be classified into three, namely stone, iron and wood. In experimental wood tectonics, there is little knowledge or experience, but most exchanges of knowledge between actors and the use of analog design tools. In contrast, in stone and iron tectonics, there is more explicit knowledge and experience possessed by actors. The effect, design flow and construction are linear. The majority of stone and iron tectonic design processes use digital media, this is in line with the statement that architect craftsmanship in modern times cannot be separated from digital influence. The lack of digital use is rewarded by the collaborative process between designers and builders who have the same goal in forming the tectonics, strong communication skill and tools, shared common knowledge, and the advancement of analog media in translating hand language using painting software with tablets.   Key Words: craftsmanship, architecture, tectonics, warung citarasa lembang

This article investigates the modes and forms of knowledge underpinning farming entrepreneurship through an ethnographic case study of Alessandria province in NW Italy. It shows that farming entrepreneurs base their decisions on explicit and implicit knowledge encompassing forms of knowledge linked to the environment where they live, their trade, the characteristics of their firms, issues concerning their family and private life, and even the emotions linked with their surroundings. All these forms of knowledge inform their vision of their future and guide them in their choices in terms of investments and crop selection. Accordingly, the article argues that farming entrepreneurship is embedded in the locale.

This study attempts to explain the materials of the thematic English textbook entitled “Grow with English” for sixth grade by reflecting the SLA principles. Therefore, it could be useful as a preliminary step before conducting a textbook evaluation. This article used a qualitative research method with the focus of content analysis. The writer derived the results by responding to the materials analysis proposed by Littlejohn (2011) regarding three main questions (1) what is the learner expected to do?, (2) who with? and (3) with what content?. Each question depicted certain criteria that elaborate the elements of those three questions to outline coursebook materials. Moreover, to complete the analytical of textbook task-based analysis, the writer used the concept of ten SLA principles as suggested by Ellis (2005). The results showed that game-based tasks and consciousness-raising tasks are effective in supporting L2 acquisition since they derived both explicit and implicit knowledge. This study is limited on the scope that only focuses on a preliminary stage before conducting an in-use evaluation. The findings of this study could be a consideration and reference for EFL teachers, creators of English coursebook materials, and English coursebook policymakers, especially in Indonesia to put more attention on the importance of SLA principles in the textbook’s materials that can support students’ L2 acquisition.

Abstract This paper reports the findings of a study that investigated the relationship between phonological short-term memory (PSTM), working memory capacity (WMC), and the level of mastery of L2 grammar. Grammatical mastery was operationalized as the ability to produce and comprehend English passive voice with reference to explicit and implicit (or highly automatized) knowledge. Correlational analysis showed that PSTM was related to implicit productive knowledge while WMC was linked to explicit productive knowledge. However, regression analysis showed that those relationships were weak and mediated by overall mastery of target language grammar, operationalized as final grades in a grammar course.

Learning to play a musical instrument involves mapping visual + auditory cues to motor movements and anticipating transitions. Inspired by the serial reaction time task and artificial grammar learning, we investigated explicit and implicit knowledge of statistical learning in a sensorimotor task. Using a between-subjects design with four groups, one group of participants were provided with visual cues and followed along by tapping the corresponding fingertip to their thumb, while using a computer glove. Another group additionally received accompanying auditory tones; the final two groups received sensory (visual or visual + auditory) cues but did not provide a motor response—all together following a 2 × 2 design. Implicit knowledge was measured by response time, whereas explicit knowledge was assessed using probe tests. Findings indicate that explicit knowledge was best with only the single modality, but implicit knowledge was best when all three modalities were involved.