language capital
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Kecamatan Rancaekek masih menggunakan surat sebagai sarana berkomunikasi baik kepada masyarakat maupun instansi lainnya. Dalam setiap hari banyak surat masuk dan surat keluar yang di kelola Kecamatan Rancaekek sehingga terjadi penumpukan surat, pengelolaan surat yang masih menggunakan manual tentu tidak efektif di mana surat hanya akan ditulis dalam buku besar lalu kemudian disimpan dalam lemari arsip. Ketidakefektifan tersebut tentu menyulitkan pengguna ketika akan mencari lembar surat yang diperlukan dari permasalahan tersebut tentu Kecamatan Rancaekek membutuhkan sebuah perancangan sistem informasi pengelolaan surat masuk dan surat keluar yang terkomputerisasi, sehingga mempermudah dalam pencarian surat, meminimalisir terjadinya kehilangan surat, serta pengelolaan administrasi surat menyurat menjadi lebih efektif dan efisien. Perancangan sistem informasi ini menggunakan pendekatan berorientasi pada objek dengan permodalan UML (Unified Modeling Language) diimplementasikan dengan Bahasa pemrograman PHP (PHP: Hypertext Pre-processor) dan menggunakan database MYSQL serta Framework CodeIgniter. Metode yang digunakan dalam perancangan sistem informasi ini adalah metode waterfall. Berdasarkan pengujian sistem informasi Blackbox testing, fitur-fitur yang dirancang meliputi pengelolaan surat masuk dan surat keluar serta pengelolaan laporan yang dapat berjalan dengan baik seperti penginputan, penggunaan database sebagai media penyimpanan, pengelolaan kategori surat berdasarkan jumlah total surat masuk dan surat keluar, jumlah surat perhari, serta jumlah surat pertahun yang ditampilkan dalam bentuk grafik selain itu sistem laporan yang dikategorikan berdasarkan divisi telah mempermudah pengguna dalam penyampaian pelaporan surat dan sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan.     Abstract   Rancaekek District still uses Mail as a means of communicating both to the community and other agencies. Every day many incoming and outgoing Mail are managed by the Rancaekek District so that there is a buildup of Mail, the management of Mail that still use manuals is certainly not effective where Mail will only be written in a ledger and then stored in a filing cabinet. This ineffectiveness certainly makes difficult for users when looking for the required letter sheets from this problem. Of course, Rancaekek District needs a computerized design of an information system for managing incoming and outgoing mail, making it easier to search for Mail, minimizing the occurrence of lost Mail and managing correspondence administration to be more effective, and efficient. The design of this information system uses on object-oriented approach with UML (Unified Modeling Language) capital implemented with PHP programming language (PHP: Hypertext Pre-processor) and uses MYSQL database and CodeIgniter Framework. The method used in the design of this information system is the waterfall. Based on the Blackbox testing information system testing, the designed features include managing incoming and outgoing mail and managing reports, can run well, such as inputting, using databases as storage media, managing letter categories based on the total number of incoming and outgoing Mail, number of Mail per day, and number of Mail per year displayed in graphic form In addition, the reporting system which is categorized by division has made it easier for users to submit letter reports and according to what is needed

AbstractResearch on ethnicity and social class in primary school has shown how school produces social inequality and seems to suffer from a lack of professional diversity competence. Less work has examined how a democratic, equality-oriented curriculum puts hierarchies and differences into play. Our study is based on an ethnographic text material in form of a home–school correspondence from two ethnically and socioeconomically different parts of Oslo, Norway. We examine how families (children and mothers, as co-writers) portray their domestic family life. Our aim is to explore how ethnicity and social class become visible through what we call ‘linguistic habitus’, ‘linguistic negotiation’ and ‘domestic capital’ in an apparently conform school programme. Drawing on a Bourdieu-inspired focus on power in language use, we argue that this home–school correspondence functions as a linguistic market: a system of distinction, operating with internal rules regarding what to say, how to say it and what not to say. Building on 319 family entries from a home–school correspondence, this study demonstrates how a corpus of saturated and intertwined texts reveals hegemonic middle-class preferences, values and identities. Mothers from the middle-class areas, co-writing with their children, reap symbolic benefits more easily than mothers and children from socio-economical diverse areas, who lose ground in this linguistic market. Despite the fact that the majority of the entries are similar and conform to a standard, some counter-discourses emerge. The study identifies the development of three linguistic trajectories: counteroffensive, rectifying and ‘hyper-correct’ deviance. A central argument in this article is that this well-meaning home–school correspondence, which aims to be inclusive and democratic, demonstrates that access is socially skewed and that language capital is crucial. Our study reveals that the school system in Norway, situated in a very equality-oriented and strong welfare state, is based on two opposing ideologies, diversity on the one hand and sameness on the other.

In connection with the transition of the Kazakh alphabet to the Latin script, further improvement of the orthological codification of the Kazakh language becomes relevant. As you know, the system-centric object of the science of orthology is the norm / linguistic norm / literary norm. In passing, we note that there are still unresolved issues in the definition of a linguistic norm / literary norm in linguistics. In recent years, the problems of orthology have been actively developed in Kazakh linguistics, incl. special attention was paid to the study of spelling, orthoepic, lexical norms of the modern Kazakh literary language. First of all, there is a need to define the essence of the norm as an ontological category and the creation of an integral orthological theory, which will contribute to a deeper understanding of the phenomenon in general of the linguistic norm, its systemic properties and functioning features, in particular. And also the unification and codification of the language norm will have an effective impact on further improving the language culture and the development of language capital will contribute to ensuring the full activity of the Kazakh language as a state language. The article analyzes the relationship and difference between the concepts of norm – linguistic norm – literary norm and the characteristic features of norms – regulatory function, tradition and internal dynamism.

This study explored Finnish students’ perceptions of online language courses with the KiVAKO project (KiVAKO is an acronym in Finnish meaning strengthening the language capital at higher education institutions). The aim was to identify and make visible the aspects that need to be taken into account in designing an effective online language course. The research context included eight pilot courses created and implemented within the framework of the KiVAKO project, which seeks to develop a nationwide online language course offering. Language instruction is offered in Chinese, Estonian, Finnish Sign Language, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish on Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) levels A1-C1. The research data consisted of responses to a post-course online questionnaire. The data were analysed according to a qualitative content analysis method. The findings indicate that clearly structured course design, relevant learning materials, appropriate teacher activities, and aligned assignments enhanced the students’ positive learning experiences.

AbstractWithin sociolinguistics, work on the commodification of language has gathered pace in recent decades. Monica Heller, in “Globalisation, the new economy, and the commodification of language and identity”, published in 2003 in the Journal of Sociolinguistics, contends that in the new globalized economy, language is commodified as a measurable skill, an inalienable characteristic of group members, and a marker of authenticity. Whilst the ability to speak Corsican is a potential aspect of the commodification of the language on the island, this article will explore in particular the extent to which the Corsican language is a characteristic of Corsican-ness, as well as a marker of value and authenticity in the economic market on the island (see Monica Heller and Alexandre Duchêne, “Pride and profit: changing discourses of language, capital, and nation-state”, published in 2012 in Language in late capitalism: pride and profit). Based on a corpus of product labelling from Corsican soft and alcoholic drinks, I investigate the extent to which Corsican, as a named language, and other visual resources are used for meaning-making in the presentation of local products. In doing so, I consider here the unevenness in the use of Corsican in the labelling of drinks which reflects the contours of regional language revitalisation and the shifting cultural value attributed to both French and Corsican depending on the product that retailers are seeking to sell.

The current paper examines how English has evolved to become valued language capital in South Korea (henceforth ‘Korea’). Since the late 20th century, Korea has experienced the phenomenon of ‘English fever’, which refers to the frenetic and at times over-zealous pursuit of English-language proficiency across Korean society (J. S. Y. Park, 2009). Researchers have examined ‘English fever’ through various prisms, including education (Park & Abelmann, 2004; J. K. Park, 2009), neoliberalism (Piller & Cho, 2013; Cho, 2015; Lee, 2016), and local socio-politics (Shim & Park, 2008). Rarely has the phenomenon been approached from a historical point of view. Considering the fact that a historical examination of language can provide critical insights into the local processes through which distinctive ideologies of language have been shaped and popularized (Cho, 2017), this paper traces the historical evolution of English in Korean society by focusing on three key periods, i.e. Japanese colonization (1910–1945); the post-independence period and modernization (1945–1980); and military dictatorship and globalization (1980-present). Drawing on the theoretical framework of global centre-periphery divisions embedded in Orientalism (Said, 1979), the analysis focuses specifically on the influence of the United States on the rise of English in Korea. In doing so, I show that ‘English fever’ is not a recent phenomenon but has its roots in historicity through which the seeds for the ongoing phenomenon of ‘English fever’ were planted in Korean society.

In this article, we examine how the multinational enterprise (MNE) develops the ability to function as a multilingual entity in order to facilitate communication, knowledge transfer, and absorptive capacity. While we acknowledge the role played by the adoption of a common corporate language, we argue that this response alone is insufficient to cope with the diverse foreign language demands that accompany global expansion. MNEs need what we conceptualize as language operative capacity (LOC): language resources that have been assembled and deployed in a context-relevant and timely manner throughout the MNE’s global network. Language resources are mainly derived from human and social capital, and their interaction, to form what is termed language capital. Managerial motivation and a preparedness to act are necessary to ensure that language capital is converted into LOC. Our theoretical explanation of LOC derivation is multilevel, incorporating two interacting processes: individuals develop, maintain, and contribute their own foreign language resources, but the MNE also plays a key role. It can influence individual behavior and, at the organizational level, provide its own language resources through the provision of computerized translation software and the like. The interaction between these two processes is seen to be critical in the formation and use of LOC. This multilevel explanation contributes to the growing body of literature that considers how human capital resources in general can be converted for productive purposes.