laboratory screening
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Background. Individual cases of viral hepatitis E are recorded in the Republic of Belarus annually indicating the need for the pathogen monitoring at both the population and reservoir levels. Objective. To consolidate the monitoring data on hepatitis E virus over the period of 2018 - 2021, as well as to work out an effective algorithm for its laboratory screening. Material and methods. As part of the study, 345 samples were analyzed, including 227 human biological samples, 37 samples of biological materials of domestic pigs, 22 samples of food and 59 samples of waste water. Results. According to the results of serum diagnostics, in the group of kidney recipients (n = 29), the detection rate of IgM and IgG to hepatitis E virus was 6.9% [0.85%; 23.03%] and 17.2% [7.13%; 35, 02%] respectively; in the group of patients with pregnancy pathology (n = 44) - 6.8% [1.68%; 18.89%] and 11.4% [4.5%; 24.43%] respectively. In patients with acute hepatitis of unknown etiology (n = 26), antiviral IgM was not detected, while the frequency of antiviral IgG detection reached 7.7% [1.02%; 25.26]. In control group (blood donors, n = 53) IgM and IgG were detected in 1.9% [0.6%; 10.88%] and 5.7% [1.35%; 15.97] of those examined respectively. Hepatitis E virus RNA was detected in 8 human biological samples (3.8%) from kidney recipients. The identified hepatitis E viruses were represented by genotype GIII and belonged to a previously unidentified subgenotype (GIIIa - GIIIi). In the studied samples of biological material from pigs, as well as in samples of food and waste water, hepatitis E virus RNA was not detected. Conclusions. An algorithm for hepatitis E virus laboratory screening has been developed and tested. Its section concerning the diagnosis of viral hepatitis E is set out in the Instructions for use "Algorithm for laboratory diagnosis of viral hepatitis E" (No. 148-1220 from January 28, 2021).

Abstract The results of salinity resistance assessment of 5 spring barley ranges (Hordeum vulgare L.) Grass family (Poaceae) - Yaromir, Nadezhny, Znatny, Zlatoyar, and 9 types of own plant-breeding lines which are supposed to be perspective for the future use are given in this article. NaCl impact in the concentration of 0.7 and 0.9 mPa (0.98 and 1.26% NaCl) on seed germination and morphological indicators such as length and quantity of roots, length of seedlings were studied. The salinity stress resulted in the inhibitions of the roots length and seedlings in the provocative background if to compare with the control group background samples. At the concentration of 0.7 mPa salinity resistance value varied from 62.4 to 96.6% which corresponds to 1-2 salinity resistance groups. At the concentration of 0.9 mPa salinity resistance varied from 27.9 to 80.8% which corresponds to 1-3 salinity resistance groups. The yield capacity and adaptive qualities were examined on the initial data basis. Thus, there was a correlation dependence at both of sodium chloride concentrations revealed between the yield capacity of the field experience samples and the laboratory test samples.

BACKGROUND Laboratory screening of blood donors for malaria has not been routinely performed in Indonesia. Current policy and practice simply exclude donors based on a history of active clinical malaria. This study was aimed to evaluate laboratory screening tests for malaria among blood donors in an endemic area of Indonesia. METHODS The study was conducted on 550 consecutive blood samples withdrawn from volunteer donors at the Red Cross Blood Transfusion Unit in Ambon city using microscopic and rapid diagnostic tests for antigen as well as for antibody. Furthermore, 248 of those 550 samples were also tested for the presence of malaria DNA using 18S rRNA marker. Statistical analysis was done descriptively using SPSS software version 15 (SPSS Inc., USA). RESULTS The overall malaria positivity rate among the donors was 4.5% (25/550). None of the specimens tested using microscopy or rapid test for malaria antigen assay were positive. However 22 (4.0%) samples were positive for malaria antibody against Plasmodium falciparum; while 3 (1.2%) were positive by PCR. CONCLUSIONS Laboratory testing for blood donors may be used to prevent transfusiontransmitted malaria in an endemic area of Indonesia.

Our study assessed how primary care providers in a large outpatient network follow ECR guidelines with regards to laboratory screening for comorbidities of obese patients in the 9 to 11 year age group. This retrospective cohort study included 706 patients seen in an outpatient network with a 10 year well child check from 7/1/17 to 7/1/18 and a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Our study found 42% of patients, who met ECR guidelines, had no lipid screening or obesity co-morbidity screening obtained. The most frequently abnormal test was the lipid panel, at 23%, and notably 16 % of Hemoglobin A1C screening resulted pre-diabetic range. Our study serves as an updated review of ECR compliance in a large primary care network and suggests an opportunity to enhance education on screening recommendations.

Background Mother-to-child transmission of syphilis remains a leading cause of neonatal death and stillbirth, disproportionally affecting women in low-resource settings where syphilis prevalence rates are high and testing rates low. Recently developed syphilis point-of-care tests (POCTs) are promising alternatives to conventional laboratory screening in low-resource settings as they do not require a laboratory setting, intensive technical training and yield results in 10–15 minutes thereby enabling both diagnosis and treatment in a single visit. Aim of this review was to provide clarity on the benefits of different POCTs and assess whether the implementation of syphilis POCTs is associated with decreased numbers of syphilis-related adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods Following the PRISMA guidelines, three electronic databases (PubMed, Medline (Ovid), Cochrane) were systematically searched for intervention studies and cost-effectiveness analyses investigating the association between antenatal syphilis POCT and pregnancy outcomes such as congenital syphilis, low birth weight, prematurity, miscarriage, stillbirth as well as perinatal, fetal or infant death. Results Nine out of 278 initially identified articles were included, consisting of two clinical studies and seven modelling studies. Studies compared the effect on pregnancy outcomes of treponemal POCT, non-treponemal POCT and dual POCT to laboratory screening and no screening program. Based on the clinical studies, significantly higher testing and treatment rates, as well as a significant reduction (93%) in adverse pregnancy outcomes was reported for treponemal POCT compared to laboratory screening. Compared to no screening and laboratory screening, modelling studies assumed higher treatment rates for POCT and predicted the most prevented adverse pregnancy outcomes for treponemal POCT, followed by a dual treponemal and non-treponemal POCT strategy. Conclusion Implementation of treponemal POCT in low-resource settings increases syphilis testing and treatment rates and prevents the most syphilis-related adverse pregnancy outcomes compared to no screening, laboratory screening, non-treponemal POCT and dual POCT. Regarding the benefits of dual POCT, more research is needed. Overall, this review provides evidence on the contribution of treponemal POCT to healthier pregnancies and contributes greater clarity on the impact of diverse diagnostic methods available for the detection of syphilis.

Laboratory diagnosis of endocrine diseases has undergone many important changes over the past decades, despite the progress of thyroid function immunoassays technologies interferences cannot be completely excluded. These interferences can affect measurement of analyte which leads to misinterpretation and subsequent wrong clinical decisions, the probability of which is about 1%. However, the scale of the problem may be greater due to the lack of awareness to the problem among doctors and the lack of laboratory screening for interfering factors. These factors can be both endogenous and exogenous, bind both to antibodies to the analyte and to the reagent in the test system. The specificity of the immunoassay depends not only on the binding properties of antibodies, the activity of reagent, but also on the composition of the test system and the format of the methodology (non-competitive two-site or “sandwich” and competitive assays). This review provides a description of the main interferences that can affect the measurement of thyroid hormones, in particular thyroid stimulating hormone, free thyroxine and triiodothyronine, calcitonin, and demonstrates clinical cases reported in the literature over the past few years.