voltage application
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Liquid crystal director distributions have been numerically analyzed between asymmetric anchoring surfaces, that is, infinitely strong and very weak anchoring strength interfaces. In a hybrid aligned nematic (HAN) cell and a twisted nematic (TN) cell, HAN and TN orientations turn to a homogeneous orientation when the weak anchoring strength is lower than a critical one. Relationships between the anchoring strength and elastic constants of the liquid crystal were analyzed to be of a quasi-homogeneous orientation. The quasi-homogeneous orientation returned to the original HAN and TN orientations under voltage application. Low-driving electro-optical properties with no threshold voltage can be obtained in a quasi-homogeneous HAN cell. A unique voltage–transmission curve of 0–100–0% appeared in a quasi-homogeneous TN cell between the crossed polarizers.

Knife-coating can confer new properties on different textile substrates efficiently by integrating various compounds into the coating paste. Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) is one of the most used elements for the functionalization of fabrics in recent years, providing electrical and thermal conductivity to fabrics, later used to develop products such as sensors or heated garments. This paper reports thermoelectrically conductive textiles fabrication through knife-coating of cellulosic fabrics with a GNP load from 0.4 to 2 wt% within an acrylic coating paste. The fabric doped with the highest GNP content reaches a temperature increase of 100°C in few seconds. Besides, it is found out that the thermographic images obtained during the electrical voltage application provide maps of irregularities in the dispersion of conductive particles of the coating and defects produced throughout their useful life. Therefore, the application of a low voltage on the coated fabrics allows fast and effective heating by Joule’s effect, whose thermographic images, in turn, can be used as structural maps to check the quality of the GNP doped coating. The temperature values and the heating rate obtained make these fabrics suitable for heating devices, anti-ice and de-ice systems, and protective equipment, which would be of great interest for industrial applications.

Partial discharges (PDs) constitute important phenomena in a Gas-Insulated System (GIS) that warrant recognition (and, subsequently, mitigation) as they are obvious symptoms of system degradation. This paper proposes the application of dimensional analysis, based on Buckingham pi theorem, for characterizing PDs provoked by the presence of metallic particles adhering to the spacer surface in a GIS employing SF6 (Sulphur hexafluoride). The ultimate goal of the analysis is to formulate the relationships that express three PD indicator quantities, namely current, charge, and energy, in terms of six independent quantities that collectively influence these indicators. These six quantities (henceforth referred to as the influencing, determining or affecting variables) include the level of applied voltage, the SF6 pressure, the length and position of the particle on the spacer, the duration of voltage application, and the gap between electrodes. To compute the pertinent dimensionless products, we implement three computational methods based on matrix operations. These three methods produce exactly the same dimensionless products, which are subsequently used for constructing the models depicting the relationships between each of the three PD dependent quantities and the common six determining variables. The models derived provide partial quantitative information and facilitate qualitative reasoning about the considered phenomenon.