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The vaccine is still the best clinical measure for effective prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The vaccine-associated ocular adverse reactions should be noted in detail among the medical community. We reported twelve eyes of 9 patients presented at the Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from March to August 2021 with ocular complaints following COVID-19 vaccination. The main inclusion criterion was the development of ocular symptoms within 14 days after receiving a dose of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. The mean (SD) age was 44.7 ± 16.5 years (range, 19–78 years), among which seven (77.8%) cases were women. The mean time of ocular adverse events was 7.1 days (range, 1–14 days) after receiving the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. One patient was diagnosed with choroiditis, 1 with uveitis, 4 with keratitis, 1 with scleritis, 1 with acute retinal necrosis, and 1 with iridocyclitis. Although the causal relationship between vaccines and ocular adverse events cannot be established from this case series report, physicians should pay attention to the ocular adverse reactions following the COVID-19 vaccine administration.

To study the clinical profile of anterior uveitis in patients attending the Ophthalmology department of tertiary health centre of central India A cross-sectional, observational study was done in the department of Ophthalmology of tertiary health centre from January 2017 to July 2019. A total of 199 cases of anterior uveitis were studied to assess their clinical presentation and etiology. After thorough history taking, demographic data and clinical pattern were documented. Comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation, necessary laboratory investigations and radiological imaging were performed to establish the etiology. The maximum number (n=79; 39.7%) of patients were in the age group of 21-40 years and the mean age of the study subjects was 36.9+21.8 years. The male to female ratio was 1:1.42 (117 females, 82 males). Uniocular disease was found in 91.95% cases and majority (n=175; 87.93%) of the patients had acute presentation with 95.47% cases having non granulomatous uveitis. A specific diagnosis could not be made in 62.8% cases. Trauma (21.7%) was the most common cause in patients with a specific diagnosis. Persistent posterior synechiae was the most frequently seen complication (21.08%) although majority of the patients (66.8%) did not reveal any major complications.Patients with anterior uveitis most commonly had acute presentation. The disease was rarely bilateral and was mostly non-granulomatous in presentation. It was mostly idiopathic and among the known etiological factors, trauma was the most common cause.

To evaluate in intraoperative complications of MSICS performed by Junior Residents and to compare the incidences of major complications in the first six months of training versus last six months of training.It is a retrospective type of study. From March 2018 to February 2019 a total of 293 manual SICS were conducted by the Junior Residents in Department of Ophthalmology. Each of the patients underwent a detailed ophthalmological examination preoperatively and underwent MSICS under peribulbar anesthesia. Consents for surgeries were obtained from each patient.Following intraoperative complications were noted: tunnel related complications, capsulorrhexis related complications, Iridodialysis, posterior capsular rent, zonular dialysis, vitreous leak, surgical aphakia, Descemet membrane detachment, placement of ACIOL, Nucleus drop and IOL drop. The patient’s immediate postoperative vision was also noted. SPSS version 15.0.Tunnel related complications were found in 13.98% patients either as scleral button holing or premature entry. Posterior capsular rents and bag disinsertion were found in total of 11.94% patients owing to which 3.07% were left aphakic. 63.13% patients had visual acuity better than 6/12 by snellens chart on first postoperative day. Performance of adequate anterior capsulotomy, minimal handling of the cornea and avoidance of posterior capsular rent are some of the challenges faced by the residents while learning MSICS. Stepwise supervised training can help a resident doctor master these steps while keeping the complications at acceptably low levels. Stepwise supervised training of residents performing MSICS can minimize complications

Purpose To assess the prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness in a Central European country. The findings may have implications for the planning of further research and development of therapies in order to prevent blindness. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Austria. Design Retrospective, epidemiological study. Methods The database of the Main Confederation of Austrian Social Insurances was searched for patients with visual impairment, legal blindness or deaf-blindness. This database gathers data from patients of all insurance providers in the country who receive care due to visual impairment and blindness. To determine the prevalence of these conditions, the number of all entries recorded in February 2019 was evaluated. Additionally, all new entries between (January 1st,) 2017, and (December 31st,) 2018, were analysed for distinct characteristics, such as sex, the cause of blindness/visual impairment, and age. Since health care allowances can provide a considerable source of income (459.90€-936.90€ per month), good coverage of practically all patients who are blind and visually impaired in the country can be assumed. Results On February 2nd, 2019, 17,730 patients with visual impairments, blindness or deaf-blindness were registered in Austria, resulting in a prevalence of these diagnoses of 0.2% in the country. During the observational period from 2017 to 2018, 4040 persons met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 2877 were female (65.3%), and 1527 were male (34.7%). The mean age was 75.7 ± 18.0 years (median 82). Most patients (n = 3675, 83.4%) were of retirement age, while 729 (16.6%) were working-age adults or minors. In total, an incidence of 25.0 (95% confidence limit (CL) 24.3–25.8) per 100,000 person-years was observed from 2017 to 2018. A higher incidence was observed for females (32.2, 95% CL 31.0–33.3) than for males (17.7, 95% CL 16.8–18.5). Incidences where higher for males in lower age groups (e.g. 10–14 years: rate ratio RR = 2.7, 95% CL 1.1–6.8), and higher for females in higher age groups (e.g. 70–74 years: RR = 0.6, 95% CL 0.5–0.8). In total, the most frequent diagnoses were macular degeneration (1075 persons, 24.4%), other retinal disorders (493 persons, 11.2%) and inherited retinal and choroidal diseases (IRDs) (186 persons, 4.2%). Persons with IRDs were significantly younger compared to persons with macular degeneration or retinal disorders (IRDs: median 57, range 2–96 vs 83, 5–98 and 82, 1–98 years, p<0.001). For persons of retirement age, macular degeneration, other retinal disorders and glaucoma were the three most frequent diagnoses. In contrast, among working-aged adults and children, IRDs were the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness (103 persons, 14.1%). Conclusion These data show that IRDs are the leading cause of blindness and visual impairment in working-aged persons and children in Austria. Thus, these findings suggest to draw attention to enhance further research in the fields of emerging therapies for IRDs.

AbstractThe aim of this retrospective, observational study was to examine the intraretinal locations of ruptured retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RMAs) and investigate the associations with the visual prognosis. Fifty patients (50 eyes) with untreated RMA rupture who visited the Department of Ophthalmology at Kyoto University Hospital (April 2014–July 2019) were included. The intraretinal position of the ruptured RMAs relative to the affected retinal artery was examined using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and color fundus photography (CFP). The relative RMA positions were anterior to (anterior type, 44%), at the same level as (lateral type, 20%), or posterior to (posterior type, 34%) the affected artery. At the initial visit, the posterior type showed greater subretinal hemorrhage thickness than did the lateral and anterior types (P = 0.016 and 0.006, respectively), and poorer visual acuity (VA) than did the anterior type (P = 0.005). At the final visit, the length of the foveal ellipsoid zone band defect was longer (P = 0.005) and VA was poorer (P < 0.001) for the posterior type than for the anterior type. The intraretinal positions of ruptured RMAs vary, affect the thickness of foveal subretinal hemorrhage and predict future damage to the foveal photoreceptors. The visual prognosis may be poor for posteriorly ruptured RMAs.

Cataract is a lens metabolism disease, which is caused by various factors, and leads to metamorphic lens proteins turbidity. Cataract commonly occurs in elderly patients, and majority of these patients have clinical manifestations of blurred vision and other symptoms. In this study, we explored the clinical practice and observations of cataract care criteria in nonophthalmic wards. To realize this, a total of one hundred and twenty (120) cataract patients, admitted to the East Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, particularly from April 2019-2020, were divided into the control and observation groups, where 60 cases were added to each group. The control group received routine nursing, and observation group was treated with cataract care criteria based on the control group. The complication rate, health cognition, and patient’s satisfaction were compared with existing approaches. The incidence of corneal edema, anterior chamber hemorrhage, endophthalmitis, and incision infection, specifically in the observation group, was lower than that in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). Likewise, the number of hospitalization days and expenses, specifically in the observation group, were lower than those in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). Health knowledge and satisfaction scores of the observation group were higher than the control group ( P < 0.05 ). Active service, service attitude, psychological support, caring patients, and health education dissatisfaction rate of the observation group were lower than the control group ( P < 0.05 ). Finally, the standard of cataract care in nonophthalmic wards reduces the incidence of complications, improve health awareness of patients, and help to improve satisfaction of patients with nurses. Furthermore, it is worthy of promotion and application particularly in traditional hospitals.

Introduction: Cataract is an eye lens opacification which prevents clear vision. It is the leading cause of blindness and vision impairment worldwide, including Indonesia. It can also be occurred in children that leads to a major cause of childhood blindness. The prevalence of childhood cataract ranges from 3 to 6 per 10,000 children. The main treatment for cataract is surgery, although pediatric cataract surgery has several complications. One of the most severe complication is glaucoma due to increased intraocular pressure (IOP). This study aimed to determine pre- and post-operative IOP in pediatric cataract surgery.Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational analytic study. Secondary data were collected from medical records of Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya from January 2017 to August 2019. Age, gender, pre- and post-operative IOP, and intraocular lens implantation data were taken. Calculation was performed using the Saphiro-Wilk for data less than 50 samples. The Saphiro-Wilk test results showed that the data were normally distributed (p = 0.628). Data processing were then performed using the parametric t-pair test with a confidence level ofResults: 32 eye samples were obtained from 16 pediatric cataract surgery patients. The mean of pre-operative IOP was 13.05 mmHg and the mean of post-operative IOP was 13.36 mmHg. There was an increase in post-operative IOP with an average increase of 0.31 mmHg. There was no significant difference between pre- and post-operative IOP of pediatric cataract surgery patients (p = 0.711).Conclusion: There was no difference between pre- and post-operative IOP of pediatric cataract surgery patients at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya for the period of January 2017 - August 2019.

Objective: To determine the risk factors, causative organisms, sensitivity patterns and treatment outcomes of infective corneal ulcers. Methods: The is a prospective cohort study carried out from January 2018 to December 2019 at the Department of Ophthalmology, Fauji Foundation Hospital (FFH) Rawalpindi. A total of 65 eyes of 65 patients of corneal ulcer meeting the inclusion criteria were evaluated and corneal scrapes were sent for microbiological assessment.  Variables studied were age, gender, risk factors, onset and duration of symptoms, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), treatment and complications. Results: Out of 65 eyes of 65 patients, 40 (61.5%) were females and 25 (38.4%) were males. Most common local risk factor was ocular surgery (29.2%) followed by ocular trauma (23.1%). Diabetes was present in 44.6% of the cases. Culture results after corneal scrapings were positive for 39 (60%) of the total samples, while 26 (40%) had no growth. Bacterial growth was present in 51.3% of eyes, fungal in 28.2% while 20.5% of the eyes were infected with polymicrobial organisms. Most common pathogens were Pseudomonas (25.6%) that were most sensitive to ciprofloxacin. By the end of the follow-up period 40 cases (61.5%) showed improvement. Conclusion: This study concluded that isolated Pseudomonas was the most common pathogen. Prompt diagnosis with culture sensitivity tests are very much needed in developing countries to avoid blindness due to keratitis. Keywords: Infective keratitis, risk factors, corneal ulcer, culture sensitivity.

Purpose:  To investigate the surgical outcomes of maximum Levator resection in cases of severe upper eyelid ptosis at a tertiary oculoplastic service. Study Design:  Interventional case series. Place and Duration of Study:  Department of Ophthalmology, Lady Reading Hospital, Medical Teaching Hospital, Peshawar January 2013 to December 2017. Methods:  One hundred and twenty three eyes of 107 patients, who underwent maximum levator resection for severe congenital ptosis were included. Patients with missing or incomplete notes, patients with previous ptosis surgery and ptosis other than congenital were excluded. Maximum levator resection of the muscle above the Whitnall ligament was performed under local/general anesthesia. All patients had a minimum of 6 months and maximum of 5 years followup. The postoperative complications were recorded and followed. Post operative followup was done at day one, week one and at four weekly intervals till the end of the study. Results:  Out of 123 eyes, satisfactory results (excellent or good) were obtained in 111 (90.1%) eyes. Majority of the patients (56.09%) were females. Mean Preoperative Levator function was 2.3 ± 1.1mm. Mean Preoperative MRD1 was ?0.1 ± 1.5 mm and mean postoperative MRD1 was 3.9 ± 01.0 mm. The commonest complication was over correction which occurred in 5 (4.06%) cases, under correction in 4 (3.25%), crease abnormality in 2 (1.62%) cases and entropion was seen in only one (0.81%) case. Success rate was 90.1% at 6 months to 5-years followup. Key Words:  Blepharoptosis; Levator resection; Levator function.

Purpose:  To determine the frequency of angle recession following closed globe injury in patients presenting to the department of ophthalmology of a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan. Study Design:  Descriptive observational study. Place and Duration of Study:  Study was conducted at Eye-A Unit, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar from 14th March 2017 to 14th Sept 2017. Methods:  One hundred and sixty three patients were selected for this study after applying WHO sample size calculation formula. Patients with history of closed globe injury were recruited through consecutive sampling technique. A detailed history regarding trauma, causative agent, duration of injury and site of impact was taken. Ocular examination including visual acuity and detailed examination of both anterior and posterior segment was carried out using slit lamp biomicroscope. Gonioscopy was performed to check the presence and extent of angle recession. Results:  Mean age was 33 ± 8.82 years. Seventy five percent patients were male and 25% female. Type of trauma included; 57 (35%) patients had road traffic accidents, 33 (20%) patients had stone injuries, 37 (23%) patients had sports injuries while 36 (22%) patients had eye trauma due to other types like fall, fight, glass injuries, chemical exposures etc. In 90 (55%) patients, right eye was affected while 73 (45%) patients had trauma in left eye. Duration of trauma was ? 2 days in 124 (76%) patients while mean duration was 1 day with SD ± 1.034. Conclusion:  Frequency of angle recession was 28% following closed globe injury. Key Words:  Angle recession, closed globe injury, ocular trauma.