mass transfer coefficient
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Current density plays a major role in deciding the plant size, current efficiency, and energy consumption in electrorefining cells. In general, operating current density will be 40% of the limiting current density. Forced circulation of the electrolyte in the presence of promoters improves the mass transfer coefficient. In the present study, rectangular turbulence promoters are fitted at the bottom side of the cell to improve the mass transfer coefficient at the cathode support plate. The limiting current density technique is used to measure the mass transfer coefficient. The variables covered in the present study are the effects of flow rate, promoter height, and spacing among the promoters. The electrolyte consists of copper sulfate and sulphuric acid. At a regulated flow rate, the electrolyte is pumped from the recirculation tank to the cell through an intermediate overhead tank. The limiting current density increased with an increasing flow rate in the presence of promoters, and thus the overall mass transfer coefficient on the cathode support plate also improved. With an increase in the flow rate of the electrolyte from 6.67 × 10−6 to 153.33 m3/s, limiting current density increased from 356.8 to 488.8 A/m2 for spacing of 0.30 m, with a promoter height of 0.01 m. However, it is noteworthy that when the promoter height is increased from 0.01 to 0.07 m, the overall mass transfer coefficient is found to increase up to 60%, but with the further increase in the promoter height to 0.30 m the mass transfer coefficient starts to decrease. Therefore, the optimized cell parameters are established in this work. The current sustainable concept of employing rectangular turbulence promoters will bring benefits to any precious metal refining or electrowinning tank house electrolytes.

The steady mixing of gas-liquid systems is used where a large development of the interfacial area is required. However, the presence of gas in the liquid reduces the efficiency of mass transfer by reducing the mixing power, due to the creation of gas formations behind the impeller blades and the reduction in density. The efficiency of mass transfer can be increased by using a concave blade impeller or unsteady mixing. Mass transfer efficiency studies for these impellers and unsteady mixing are limited. This paper presents an analysis of the influence of the impeller construction on the gas hold-up and volumetric mass transfer coefficient kLa. Impellers with a different number of concave blades, and with alternatively arranged concave blades, were analyzed. The obtained results were compared with the standard flat blade turbine. The obtained results indicate that the arrangement of the concave blades has the greatest effect on reducing the gas hold-up and kLa. Higher values were obtained for the four-bladed and six-bladed impellers. A comparison of the gas hold-up rate for the unsteady and steady mixing has shown that for steady mixing greater gas hold-up is achieved. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient for unsteady mixing is also greater compared to steady mixing, indicating greater efficiency in mass transfer.

The effects of particle concentration and size on hydrodynamics and mass transport in a slurry bubble column were experimentally studied. With increasing particle concentration, the averaged gas holdup, gas holdup of small bubbles and gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient decreased, while the gas holdup of large bubbles increased slightly. With increasing particle size, the averaged gas holdup and kla remained unchanged when the particle size increased from 55 to 92 m, but decreased significantly when the particle size was further increased to 206 m. A liquid turbulence attenuation model which could quantitatively describe the effects of particle concentration and size was first proposed. Semi-empirical correlations were obtained based on extensive experimental data in a wide range of operating conditions and corrected liquid properties. The gas holdup and mass transfer coefficient calculated by the correlations agreed with the experimental data from both two-phase and three-phase bubble columns

Packing size effects on the fluid dynamics in an external-loop packed bubble column with Raschig rings of three different effective diameters (5, 14 and 41 mm) in the riser were investigated. The overall gas holdup, liquid circulating velocity and gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient were respectively measured by volume expansion method, tracer-response method and dynamic oxygen-absorption technique. CFD simulation with the Euler-Euler two-fluid method was used to predict the liquid circulating velocity by treating the packing as a porous medium. Compared to the empty column, the gas holdup was found to increase with the presence of packing, however, the liquid circulating velocity and gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient may increase or decrease. Specifically, the gas holdup increases with the decrease of packing size, while the liquid circulating velocity is on the contrary, which induces the maximal gas-liquid mass transfer rate at packing diameter of 14 mm.

New strategies have been developed in the drug delivery system in recent years for applications like pharmacokinetics control, pharmacodynamics, undetermined toxicity, immunity, biophysics, and drug efficacy. The loading process was based on adsorption between activated carbon molecules' surfaces and drug molecules dissolved in ethanol at room temperature, where porous activated carbon has great drug delivery characteristics. The current research is studying the effect of the number of parameters including particle size, the weight of drug to the carrier, weight ratio, drug loading and temperature, time, and pH solution on mass transfer coefficient. The Taguchi program's result shows that the optimum point of maximum loading efficiency is 74% when the activated carbon in nanoparticle was in 11.042 nm size, and 985.6013 m2/g surface area weight drug to AC weight ratio is 1.5. The drug process release obtained an optimum point that gives a better value of mass transfer coefficient of 0.0007777 and 0.0003372 cm/hr in the first hour, 37°C, and pH of 1.5 solutions for both metronidazole/macro AC and metronidazole/Nano AC complexes.

Adjusting beneficial gas concentrations in real time in response to changing storage conditions is important for fresh produce, especially throughout the supply chain when temperature abuse occurs frequently. In this study, a controlled-ventilated box for bulk transportation of fresh produce was demonstrated and tested under variable temperatures. The presented system comprised a rigid container with a miniature blower installed in the opening of its wall for facilitating the gas exchange and an additional wall opening with a metal tube protruding into the inner container’s space. The in-package atmosphere was formed by the balance between the respiratory activity of the produce and the influx of fresh air through the wall openings, regulated by switching the blower ON or OFF. The mass transfer coefficient for metal tubes of different dimensions was measured under modified atmosphere featuring 15% CO2 and 5% O2 at 10 °C. The addition of an air blower increased the mass transfer coefficient by at least 100 times. A further storage trial with cherries was successfully performed at 10 °C and 20 °C. The demonstrated trial featured some significant inputs to increase the knowledge about better storage of fresh produce throughout the supply chain and storage.

Abstract Stripping is a process to separate dissolved gas in the saturated solvent to regenerate the absorption solvent. In this study, N2 gas was used to strip dissolved CO2 gas in MDEA, ethylene glycol, and water. The experiment was conducted with three variations of temperature, namely 28°C, 35°C, and 50°C, to determine the effect of solvent’s temperature entering the stripper column on the value of the mass transfer coefficient (Kla). The stripper effluent was connected to the KANE 457 Flue Gas Analyzer to measure the concentration of CO2. Data retrievals were carried out at the 0; 30; 60; 90; 120; 150; 180th second. The experimental results show the trend of mass transfer coefficient of CO2 (Kla) is higher with the increase of solvent’s temperature entering the stripper.